{
  "schema_version": "qanun-law-text/1",
  "id": "pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2",
  "title": "General Clauses Act, 1897",
  "source_collection": "Federal",
  "content_kind": "stored_law_text",
  "content_extent": null,
  "source_url": "https://pakistancode.gov.pk/alpha/UY2FqaJw1-apaUY2Fqa-cZ0%3D-sg-jjjjjjjjjjjjj",
  "version": null,
  "source_snapshot": null,
  "legal_status": "not independently verified",
  "text_quality": "Complete stored UTF-8 TXT file recovered byte-for-byte from owned Drive. Source transcription retained verbatim; legal completeness, OCR accuracy and current consolidation unverified.",
  "text_sha256": "f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0",
  "source_sha256": "f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0",
  "text_version_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0",
  "quality_flags": [],
  "encoding": "UTF-8",
  "text": "Page 1 of 23 \r\n \r\n \r\nTHE GENERAL CLAUSES ACT, 1897 \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\nCONTENTS \r\n \r\nPRELIMINARY \r\n1.      Short title. \r\n2.      [Repealed.] \r\nGENERAL DEFINITIONS \r\n \r\n3.      Definitions. \r\n \r\n4.      Application of foregoing definitions to previous enactments. \r\n \r\n4A.     Application of certain definitions to all Pakistan laws. \r\nGENERAL RULES OF CONSTRUCTION \r\n5.      Coming into operation of enactments. \r\n5A.     [Omitted.] \r\n6.      Effect of repeal. \r\n6A.     Repeal of Act making textual amendment in Act or Regulation. \r\n7.      Revival of repealed enactments. \r\n8.      Construction of references to repealed enactments. \r\n9.      Commencement and termination of time. \r\n10.      Computation of time. \r\n11.      Measurement of distances. \r\n12.      Duty to be taken pro rata in enactments. \r\n13.      Gender and number. \r\n\r\n \r\nPage 2 of 23 \r\n \r\n13A.   [Omitted.] \r\nPOWERS AND FUNCTIONARIES \r\n14.      Powers conferred to be exercisable from time to time. \r\n15.      Power to appoint to include power to appoint ex Officio. \r\n16.      Power to appoint to include power to suspend or dismiss. \r\n17.      Substitution of functionaries. \r\n18.      Successors. \r\n19.      Official chiefs and subordinates. \r\n \r\nPROVISIONS AS TO ORDERS, RULES, ETC., MADE UNDER     ENACTMENTS. \r\n \r\n20.     Construction of orders, etc., issued under enactments. \r\n20A.  Rules and order, etc., to be published. \r\n21.     Power to make, to include power to add to, amend, vary or rescind, orders, rules or bye    \r\nlaws. \r\n22.     Making of rules or bye laws and issuing of orders between passing and    commencement \r\nof enactment. \r\n23.     Provisions applicable to making of rules or bye-laws after previous publication. \r\n24.     Continuation, of orders, etc., issued under enactments repealed and reenacted.  \r\n24A.  Exercise of power under enactments. \r\n \r\nMISCELLANEOUS \r\n25.     Recovery of fines. \r\n26.     Provision as to offences punishable under two or more enactments. \r\n27.      Meaning of service by post. \r\n28.     Citation of enactments. \r\n29.      Saving for previous enactments, rules and bye-laws. \r\n30.     Application of Act to Ordinances. \r\n31.     Application of Act to Orders made by the President. \r\n  \r\n THE SCHEDULE.  [Repealed.] \r\n \r\nPage 3 of 23 \r\n \r\nTHE GENERAL CLAUSES ACT, 1897 \r\n \r\n1Act No. X OF 1897 \r\n[11th March, 1897] \r\nAn Act to consolidate and extend the General Clauses Acts, 1868 and 1887. \r\nWHEREAS it is expedient to consolidate and extend the General Clauses Acts, 1868 (I of \r\n1868) and 1887 (I of 1887); it is hereby enacted as follows: — \r\nPRELIMINARY \r\n1. Short title.—(1) This Act may be called the General Clauses Act, 1897; \r\n \r\n2\r\n[*        *         *         *         *         *         *] \r\n 2. [Repeal.].Rep. by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1903 (I of 1903), s. 4 and Schedule III. \r\n \r\nGENERAL DEFINITIONS   \r\n3.  Definitions. In this A ct, and in all 3[Central Acts] and Regulations made the \r\ncommencement of this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, \r\n(1) “Abet.” “abet”, with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, shall h ave \r\nthe same meaning as in the Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860). \r\n4\r\n[*    *             *         *         *         *         *] \r\n (2) “Act.” “act”, used with reference to an offence or a civil wrong, shall include a series of \r\nacts, and words which refer to acts done extend also to illegal omissions: \r\n (3) “Affidavit.” “affidavit” shall include affirmation and declaration in the case of persons \r\nby law allowed to affirm or declare instead of swearing: \r\n5[*        *         *         *         *         *         *] \r\n \r\n1For Statement of Objects and Reasons, see Gazette of India, 1897, Pt. V, p. 38; for Report of the Select Committee, see ibid., p. 77 ; and for \r\nProceedings in Council, see ibid. Pt. VI, pp. 35, 40, 56 and 76. \r\nThis Act has been declared to be in force in Baluchistan by the British Baluchistan Laws Regulation, 1913 (2 of 1913). \r\nIt has been applied to Phulera in the Excluded Area of Upper Tanawal to the extent the Act is applicable in the N.W.F.P., subject to certain modi- \r\nfications; and also extended to the Excluded Area of Upper Tanawal (N.W.F.P.) other than Phulera with effect from such date and subject to such \r\nmodifications as may be notified, see N.W.F.P. (Upper Tanawal) (Excluded Area) Laws Regulation, 1950.                 . \r\nIt has also been extended to the Leased Areas of Baluchistan, see the Leased Areas (Laws) Order, 1950 (G.G.O.3 of 1950); and applied in the \r\nFederated Areas of Baluchistan, see Gazette of India, 1937, Pt. I, p. 1499. \r\nThe Act has been extended to the whole of Pakistan and shall be deemed to have been so extended on the 14th day of October, 1955, see the \r\nCentral Laws (Statute Reform) Ordinance, 1960 (21 of 1960),  s. 3  and Second Sch. \r\nThe provisions of this Act have been extended to the Special Areas of West Pakistan by West Pakistan Regulation No.1 of 1961 (with effect .from the \r\n13th September, 1961). \r\n2The word “and” in sub-section (1) and the whole of sub-section (2) rep. by the Repealing & and Amending Act. 1914 (10 of 1914), s. 3 and Sch. II.  \r\n3Subs. by .A. 0. 1937. for “Acts of the G.G. in C.”. \r\n4C1. (1a) as amended by A. 0., 1949, Sch., has been omitted by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration), Ordinance, 1981 (27 of 1981) s. 3 and \r\n2nd Sch. \r\n5Cls. (3a) and (3b) as amended by Act 10 of 1914, s. 2 and Sch. I, Act 24 of 1917, s. 2 and Sch. I, Act 18 of 1928, s. 2 and Sch. I, A.O., 1937, and \r\nOrd. 21 of 1960, s. 3 and 2nd Sch. (w.e.f. 14th October, 1955), has been omitted by Ord. 27 of 1981, s. 3 and 2nd Sch.\r\n \r\nPage 4 of 23 \r\n \r\n (3c) “Baluchistan.” “Baluchistan” shall mean  the  territories  comprised  in the  Chief \r\nCommissioner's Province of Baluchistan immediately before the fourteenth day of October, 1955 \r\n1[,] 1[and after the first day of July, 1970, the Province of Baluchistan, comprising the territories \r\nmentioned in the Schedule to the Province of West Pakistan (Dissolution) Order, 1970:] \r\n2\r\n[*        *         *         *         *         *         *] \r\n (4) “Barrister.” “barrister” shall mean a barrister of England or Ireland, or a member of the \r\nFaculty of Advocates in Scotland: \r\n3[* * * * * * *] \r\n \r\n4[* * * * * * *] \r\n \r\n5[* * * * * * *] \r\n \r\n6[* * * * * * *] \r\n \r\n7[* * * * * * *] \r\n8[(7) “British  India.” “British  India”  shall  mean,  as  respects  the  period  before  the \r\n9commencement of Part III of the Government of India Act, 1935 (26 Geo.5.2.) , all territories and \r\nplaces within His Majesty's dominions which were for the time being governed by His Majesty \r\nthrough the Governor General of India or through any Governor or officer subordinate to the \r\nGovernor General of India, and as respects any period after that date 10[and before the establishment \r\nof the Federation of Pakistan] means all t erritories for the time being comprised within the \r\nGovernors' Provinces and the Chief Commissioners' Provinces, except that a reference to British \r\nIndia in an Indian law passed or made before the 9commencement of Part III of the Government of \r\nIndia Act, 1935 (26 Geo.5.2.), shall not include a reference to Berar:] \r\n \r\n (8) “British possession.” ”British possession” shall mean any part of Her Majesty's \r\ndominions, exclusive of the United Kingdom, and, where parts of those domin ions are under both \r\na central and a local legislature, all parts under the Central Legislature shall, for the purposes of this \r\ndefinition, be deemed to be one British possession: \r\n \r\n11\r\n[* * * * * * *] \r\n \r\n1Subs.and added by F. A. 0., 1975, Art. 2 and Sch. \r\n2El. (3d) omitted by Ord. 27 of 1981, s. 3 and Sch. II. \r\n3C1. (5) as amended by Act 10 of1914, s. 2 and Sch. I and Act 24 of 1917, s. 2 and S ch. I, has been omitted by the Federal Laws (Revision and \r\nDeclaration) Ordinance, 1981, (27 of 1981) s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n4C1. (5a) relating to “Berar”, which was ins. by A.O., 1937, rep. by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Act, 1951 (26 of 1951), s. 3 and 2nd \r\nSch. \r\n5Cl. (5b) relating to “Bihar and Orissa Act”, which was first ins. as c1. (5a) by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1914 (10 of 1914), s. 2 and Sch. I \r\nand then re-numbered as c1. (5b) by A. 0., 1937, rep. by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Act, 1951, (26 of 1951), s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n6CI. (5c) which was ins. by A. 0., 1937, rep. by Act. 26 of 1951, s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n7CI. (6) as amended by various enactments has been omitted by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declarations) Ordinance, 1981, (27 of 1981), s. 3 \r\nand 2nd Sch. \r\n8Subs. by A.O., 1937, for the original clause (7). \r\n9I.e., the 1st April, 1937. \r\n10Ins. by the Pakistan (Adaptation of Existing Pakistan Laws) Order, 1947 (G. G. O. 20 of 1947). \r\n11Cl. (8a) relating to “Burma Act” which was ins. by the Amending Act, 1903 (1 of 1903), s. 3 and Sch. II, rep. by the Federal Laws (Revision \r\nand Declaration) Act, 1951 (26 of1951), s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n \r\nPage 5 of 23 \r\n \r\n 1[(8aa) “Central Act.” “Central Act” shall mean an Act of the Central lagislature, and shall \r\ninclude, except in s ection 5, an A ct made by the Governor General under section 67 B of  the \r\nGovernment of India Act, 2[ *    *     *:] \r\n 3[(8ab) “Federal Government.” “ 4[Federal Government]” shall— \r\n(a)    in relation to anything done before the 5commencement of Part III of the \r\nGovernment of  India Act, 1935 (26 Geo.5.2.) , mean the Governor General in \r\nCouncil or the authority competent at the relevant date to exercise the \r\nfunctions corresponding to  those subsequently exercised by the Governor \r\nGeneral; \r\n \r\n(b)     in relation to anything done after the 5commencement of Part III of the said \r\nAct, but b efore the establishment of the Federation of Pakistan, mean, as \r\nrespects matters with respect to which the Governor General was by or under \r\nthe provisions of the said Act then in force required to act in his \r\ndiscretion, the Governor General and as respects other matters, the Governor \r\nGeneral in Council; 6[*]  \r\n \r\n(c)     in relation to anything done 7[*      *     *] after the establishment of the \r\nFederation of Pakistan 8[but before the twenty-third day of March, 1956], \r\nmean the Governor General; and shall include \r\n \r\n(i)       in  relation to functions entrusted under sub-section (1) of section 124 \r\nof the said Act to the  Government of a Province, the  Provincial \r\nGovernment acting within the scope of the authority given to it under \r\nthat sub-section; and \r\n \r\n(ii)  in relation to the administration 9[before the fourteenth day of October, \r\n1955,] of a Chief Commissioner's Province, the Chief Commissioner \r\nacting within the scope of the authority given to him under sub section \r\n(3) of section 94 of the said Act 10[;] 11 * \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n1Ins. by A. 0., 1937. \r\n2The words and figures “or section 44 of the Government of India Act, 1935” omitted by the Pakistan (Adaptation of Existing PakistanLaws) \r\nOrder, 1947 (G. G. O. 20 of 1947). \r\n3Subs. ibid., for clause (8ab), which had been ins. by A. 0., 1937. \r\n4Subs. by F.A.O. , 1975 for Art. 2 and Table for, “Central Government” \r\n5i.e., the 1st April, 1937  \r\n6The word “and” omitted by A. 0., 1961, Art. 2 and Sch. (with effect from the 23rd March, 1956). \r\n7The words “or to be done” omitted ibid. (with effect from the 23rd March, 1956). \r\n8Ins. ibid. (with effect from the 23rd March, 1956). \r\n9Ins. by the Central Laws (Statute Reform) Ordinance, 1960 (21 of 1960), s. 3 and Second Sch. (with effect from the 14th October, 1955). \r\n10Sub,. by A. 0.,1961, Art. 2 and Sch., for the full stop (with effect from the 23rd March, 1956). \r\n11Omitted, subs. and added by F.A.O., 1975, Art. 2 and Sch. \r\n \r\nPage 6 of 23 \r\n \r\n1[(d) in relation to anything done or to be done, after the twenty-third day of \r\nMarch, 1956, mean the President;  and  shall  inc1ude  in   relation  to  \r\nfunctions  entrusted  to  the Gov ernment of  a Province, the Provincial \r\nGovernment acting within the scope of the authority given to it by the \r\nPresident 2[ ; and]] \r\n2[(e) in relation to anything done or to be done, after the fourteenth day of August, \r\n1973, mean the Prime Minister and the Federal Ministers; and shall include in \r\nrelation to functions entrusted to the Government of  a Province, the \r\nProvincial Government acting within the s cope of the authority given to or \r\npower conferred on it by the Federal Government;] \r\n3[(8ac) “Central Legislature.” “Central Legislature” shall mean the Governor General in \r\nCouncil acting in a legislative capacity under the Government of India Act, 1833 \r\n(3&4, will.4), the Government of India Act, 1853(c. 85 16&17 v ict.), The Indian Councils \r\nAct, 1861 to 1909 (c. 95.&6.), or any of those Acts, or the Government of India Act, \r\n1915(Geo.5,c.61,26), the Indian Legislature acting under the Government of India Act, \r\nor the Government of India Act, 1935 (Geo.5,c.2), or the Federal Legislature acting \r\nunder the Government of India Act, 1935, 4[or the Parliament acting under the \r\nConstitution 5[of 1956 or the Central Legislature acting under the Constitution of \r\n1962] 6[ or the Federal Legislature acting under the Interim Constitution of 1972, or \r\nParliament acting under the Constitution of 1973] as the case may require :] \r\n7[*  * * * * *] \r\n \r\n8[*  * * * * *] \r\n \r\n (9) “Chapter.” “Chapter” shall mean a Chapter of the Act or Regulation in which the word \r\noccurs: \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n1Subs.-clause (d) ins. by A.O., 1961, Art. 2 and Sch. (with effect from the 23rd March, 1956). \r\n2Subs and Added by F.A.O., 1975, Art.2 and Sch. \r\n3CI. (8ac) ins. by A. 0., 1937. \r\n4Certain words ins, by A. 0.,1961, Art. 2 and Sch. (with effect from the 23rd March, 1956). \r\n5Ins. by A. 0., 1964, Art. 2 and Sch. \r\n6Ins. by F. A. 0., 1975, Art. 2 and Sch. \r\n7Cl. (8b) relating to “Central Provinces Act” which was ins. by the Second Repealing and Amending Act, 1914 (17 of 1914), s. 2 and Sch. I, rep. by \r\nthe Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Act, 1951 (26 of 1951), s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n8CI. (8c) relating to “Central Provinces and Berar Act”, which was ins. by A. 0.,1937, rep. by Act 26 of 1951, s. 3, and II Sch. \r\n \r\nPage 7 of 23 \r\n \r\n 1[(9a) “Chief Revenue  Authority .” “Chief Revenue Authority ” shall mean the Board  of \r\nRevenue of a Province:] \r\n 2[(10) “District O f f i c e r ( Revenue).”  shall m e a n s t h e c h i e f o f f i c e r in  c h a r g e of  \r\nr e v e n u e administration of a District:] \r\n \r\n 3[*        *         *         *         *         *         *] \r\n (12) “Commencement.” “commencement”, used with reference to an Act or Regulation, \r\nshall 4mean the day on which the Act or Regulation comes into force: \r\n5[*        *         *         *         *         *         *] \r\n 6[(13a) “Constitution.” “Constitution” means the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of \r\nPakistan brought into force on the 3[fourteenth day of August, 1973] :] \r\n  \r\n8[(14) “Consular  Officer.” “Consular officer” shall  include  consul-general,  consul,  vice- \r\nconsul,  consular agent  pro-consul and  any person  for  the  time  being  authorized to perform \r\nthe duties of consul-general, consul, vice-consul or consular agent:] \r\n  \r\n9[*        *         *         *         *         *         *] \r\n (15) “District Judge.” “District Judge” shall mean the Judge of a principal Civil Court of \r\noriginal jurisdiction, but shall not include a High Court in the exercise of its ordinary or \r\nextraordinary original civil jurisdiction: \r\n (16) “Document.” “document” shall include any matter written, expressed or described \r\nupon any substance by means of letters, figures or marks, or by more than one of those means \r\nwhich is intended to be used, or which may be used, for the purpose of recording that matter: \r\n 10[*        *         *         *         *         *         *] \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n1Subs. by A. 0., 1964, Art. 2 and Sch., for  (9a), which was first ins. by A. 0., 1937 and subsequently amended by the Pakistan (Adaptation of Existing \r\nPakistan Laws) Order, 1947 (G.G.O. 20 of 1947), Act 26 of 1951, s.3 and 2nd Sch., the Central Laws (Statute Reform) Ordinance,1960 (21 of 1960), \r\ns. 3 and 2nd Sch., A. 0.,1961, Art. 2 and sch; and the Repealing and Amending Ordinance, 1961 (1 of 1961), s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n2Subs. by The General Clauses (Amdt.) Ordinance, 2001(Ord . No. XXXVI of 2001), s. 2.  Except in Islamabad Capital territory where it sh all come \r\ninto force on such date as the Federal Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, Specify. Ord. 36 of 2001, s. 2 (w.e.f. 14-08-2001). \r\n3Clause (11) relating to “colony”, which was amended by various enactments have been omitted by Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) \r\nOrdinance, 1981, (27 of 1981) s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n4See section 5 on page 458, infra. \r\n5Omitted by The General Clauses (Amdt.) Ordinance, 2001(Ord. No. XXXVI of 2001), s.2 (w.e.f 14-08-01). \r\n6Cl. (13a) ins. by A.0., 1961, Art. 2 and Sch. (with effect from the 23rd March, 1956). \r\n7Subs. by F.A.0, 1975, Art. 2 and Sch., for “eighth day of June, 1962” which was previously subs. by A.0., 1964, Art. 2 and Sch.,for “twenty third \r\nday of March, 1956”, to read as above. \r\n8Cf. the Consular Salaries and Fees Act, 1891 (54 & 55 Vict., c. 36), s.3. \r\n9Cls. (l4a) (14b) (l4c), (14d), (14e), (14f) and (14g), which were first ins. by A.0., 1937, and then amended by the Pakistan (Adaptation of \r\nExisting Pakistan Laws) Order, 1947 (G. G. O. 20 of 1947), Sch., omitted by A.0., 1961 Art. 2 and Sch. (with effect from the 23rd March, 1956). \r\n10Clauses (16a), (16b) and (16c) which were ins. by Act 10 of 1914, G.G.O. 20 of 1947 and A.0., 1961 respectively, have been omitted by the \r\nFederal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Ordinance, 1981 (27 of 981), s.3. and 2nd Sch. \r\n \r\nPage 8 of 23 \r\n \r\n(17) “Enactment.” “enactment” shall include a Regulation (as hereinafter defined) and any \r\nRegulation of the Bengal, 1[*] or Bombay Code, and shall also include any provision contained in \r\nany Act or in any such Regulation as aforesaid: \r\n (18) “Father.” “father “, in the case of anyone whose- personal law permits adoption, shall \r\ninclude an adoptive father:   \r\n2[*        *         *         *         *         *         *] \r\n \r\n3[(19)  “Financial year.” “financial year” means— \r\n(a)    as respects the period before the first day of April, 1959, the year \r\ncommencing on the first day of April and ending on the thirty first day \r\nof March; \r\n(b)     as respects the period from the first day of April, 1959, to the thirtieth \r\nday of  June, 1959, both days inclusive, that period ; and \r\n(c)       thereafter, the year commencing on the first day of July and ending on \r\nthe thirtieth day of June :] \r\n 4(20) “Good faith.” a thing shall be deemed to be done in “good faith” where it is in fact \r\ndone honestly, whether it is done negligently or not: \r\n 5[(21) “Government.” “Government” or “the Government” shall include both the \r\n6[Federal Government] and any Provincial Government:] \r\n 7[*        *         *         *         *         *         *] \r\n (25)  “Immoveable property.” “immoveable property” shall include land, benefits to arise \r\nout of l and, and things attached to the earth, or permanently fastened to anything attached to  the \r\nearth: \r\n (26) “Imprisonment.” “imprisonment” shall mean imprisonment of either description as \r\ndefined in the Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860): \r\n 8[(27)  “India.” “India” shall mean— \r\n(a)      as respects any period before the establishment of the Federation of \r\nPakistan, British India tog ether with all t erritories of any Indian ruler then \r\nunder the su zerainty of  His Majesty, all territories under the suzerainty of \r\nsuch an Indian ruler, and the tribal areas; and \r\n(b)       as respects any period after the establishment of the Federation of Pakistan \r\nall t erritories for the time being included in the Dominion of India 9[or the \r\nUnion of India] :] \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n1The word “Madras” omitted by  G.G.O. 20 of 1947, Sch. \r\n2Clauses (18a) and (18b) relating to “Federal Government,” and “Federal Railway Authority”  respectively omitted ibid. \r\n3Subs. by the General Clauses (Amdt.) Ordinance, 1959 (14 of 1959), [section 2, for the original clause 19. \r\n4Cf. the Pakistan Penal Code (Act 45 of 1860), s. 52, the Bills of Exchange Act. 1882 (45 & 46 Vict., c. 61), s. 90, and the Sale of Goods Act,1893 (56 \r\n& 57 Viet., c. 71, s. 62). For discussion in Council regarding this clause, see Gazette of India, 1897, Part VI, pp. 56 to 62 and 76 to 79.  \r\n5Subs. by A.O., 1937, for the original definition. \r\n6Subs. by F.A.0.,1975, Art. 2 and Table, for “Central Government”. \r\n7Cl. (21a) to (24) previously amended by various enactments have been omitted by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Ordinance, 1981 (27 \r\nof 1981) s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n8Subs. by G.G.O. 20 of 1947, Sch., for clause (27) which had been subs. for the original clause by A. 0., 1937. \r\n9Ins. by the Central Laws (Statute Reform) Ordinance, 1960 (21 of 1960), s. 3 and Second Sch. (with effect from the 14th October, 1955). \r\n \r\nPage 9 of 23 \r\n \r\n 1[* * * * * * *] \r\n 2[* * * * * * *] \r\n (28) “Local authority.” “local authority” shall mean a municipal committee, district board, \r\nbody of port commissioners or other authority legally entitled to, or entrusted by the Government \r\nwith, the control or management of a municipal or local fund: \r\n 3[*        *         *         *         *         *         *] \r\n (31) “Magistrate.” “Magistrate” shall  include every person  exercising all  or  any of  the \r\npowers of a Magistrate under the Code of Criminal Procedure for the time being in force: \r\n(32) “Master” (of a ship). “master”, used with reference to a ship, shall mean any person \r\n(except a pilot or harbour-master) having for the time being control or charge of the ship:  \r\n(33) “Month.” “month” shall mean a month reckoned according to the British calendar:  \r\n (34) “Moveable property.”  “moveable property” shall mean property of every description, \r\nexcept immoveable property: \r\n4[(34a1) “North-West Frontier.” “North-West Frontier” shall mean the territories comprised \r\nin the North-West Frontier Province immediately before the fourteenth day of October, 1955 5[ , ]] \r\n5[and on or after the  first-day of July, 1970, the  North West Frontier Province comprising the  \r\nterritories mentioned in the Schedule to the Province of West-Pakistan (Dissolution) Order, 1970:] \r\n 6[(34a) “North-West Frontier Province Act.” “North-West Frontier Province Act” shall \r\nmean an Act  made  by  the  local  Legislature or  the  Governor of  the  North-West Frontier \r\nProvince under the Government of India Act, or by the Provincial Legislature or the Governor of \r\nthe North-West Frontier Province under the Government of India Act, (26 Geo.5, c.2.), 1935:] \r\n7[* * * * * * *] \r\n (36) “Oath.” “oath” shall include affirmation and declaration in the case of persons by law \r\nallowed to affirm or declare instead of swearing: \r\n \r\n (37) “Offence.” “offence” shall mean any act or omission made punishable by any  law for  \r\nthe time being in force: \r\n \r\n \r\n1CI. (27a) relating to “Indian Law”, which was ins. by A. 0., 1937, omitted by the Pakistan (Adaptation of Existing Pakistan Laws) Order, 1947 \r\n(G.G.O. 20 of 1947). \r\n2Clauses (27b) and (27c) previously amended by various enactments have been omitted by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) \r\nOrdinance, 1981 (27 of 1981), s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n3CI. (29) defining “L. G.”, rep. by A.O., 1937 and cl. (30) defining “Madras Act” rep. by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Act, 1951 (26 \r\nof 1951), s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n4CI, (34a1). ins. by the Central Laws (Statute Reform) Ordinance, 1960 (21 of 1960), s. 3 and 2nd Sch. (with effect from the 14th October, 1955). \r\n5Subs. and added by F.A.O., 1975, Art. 2 and Sch. \r\n6Ins. by A.0., 1937. \r\n7Clause (35) defining “North-Western Provinces and Oudh Act” rep. by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Act, 1951 (26 of 1951), s. 3 and \r\n2nd Sch. \r\n \r\nPage 10 of 23 \r\n \r\n1[(37a) “Official Gazette.” “official Gazette” or  “Gazette”  shall  mean  the  Gazette  of \r\n2[Pakistan], or, as the case may be, the official gazette of a Province:] \r\n  \r\n3[(37b) “Pakistan Law.” “Pakistan law” shall mean any Act, Ordinance, Regulation, \r\nrule, order, bye-law or any other instrument which has or had the force of law in Pakistan or any \r\npart thereof; but do es not in clude an A ct of Parliament of the  United Kingdom or any Ord er-in-\r\nCouncil, rule or other instrument made thereunder;] \r\n  \r\n4[*        *         *         *         *         *         *] \r\n (38) “Part.” “Part” shall mean a Part of the Act or Regulation in which the word occurs: \r\n (39) “Person.” “person” shall include any company or association or body of individuals, \r\nwhether incorporated or not: \r\n 5[(40) “Political Agent.” “Political Agent” shall,— \r\n \r\n(a)      as respects the period before the fourteenth day of October, 1955, \r\nmean the principal officer by what-ever name called representing the \r\n6[Federal Go vernment] in an Acceding State or group of Acceding \r\nStates or in any territory or place in the Tribal Areas 7[and as respects \r\nthe period after the twenty first day of April, 1972, mean the principal \r\nofficer by wh atever n ame called representing the   Federal   \r\nGovernment   in   the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]; and \r\n(b)      as respects the period after the thirteenth-day of October, 1955, 8[and \r\nbefore the twenty- first day of April, 1972,] mean the principal officer \r\nby whatever name called (i) representing the 9[Federal Government] in \r\nan Acceding State or (ii) representing the Provincial Government in \r\nthe  10[Tribal Areas] 8 [and as respects the period after the twenty-\r\nfirst day of April, 1972, mean the principal officer by whatever name \r\ncalled r epresenting the Federal Government in the Federally \r\nAdministered Tribal Areas and the Provincial Government in the \r\nProvincially Administered tribal Areas] :] \r\n \r\n1Ins. by A. O., 1937. \r\n2Subs. by the Pakistan (Adaptation of Existing Pakistan Laws) Order, 1947 (G.G.O.  20 of 1947), Sch.,  for “India”. \r\n3Clause (37b) which was originally ins. by G.G.O. 20 of 1947 and subsequently Subs. by A. 0.,1961, Art. 2 and Sch. have been subs. by the \r\nFederal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Ordinance, 1981 (27 of 1981), s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n4Cl. (37b) relating to “Orrisa Act” omitted by the General Clauses (Arndt.) Act, 1951 (27 of 1951), s. 2 (with effect from the 14th August, 1947). \r\n5Subs. by the Central Laws (Statute Reform) Ordinance, 1960 (21 of 1960), s. 3 and 2nd Sch. (with effect from the 14th October, 1955), for clause (40), \r\nwhich was ins. by A.O., 1949, Sch. [The original clause (40) as amended by A. 0., 1937, had been omitted by the Pakistan (Adaptation of Existing \r\nPakistan Laws) Order, 1947 (G.G.O. 20 of 1947), Sch.] \r\n6Subs. by F.A.O., 1975, Art. 2 and Table, for “Central Government”. \r\n7Subs. ibid., Art. 2 and Sch.,  for  “or 1eased areas”. \r\n8Ins. by F.A.O., 1975, Art. 2 and Sch. \r\n9Subs. ibid, Art. 2 and Table, for “Central Government”. \r\n10Subs. by A. 0., 1964, Art. 2 and Sch., for “Special Areas”. \r\n \r\nPage 11 of 23 \r\n \r\n  1[* * * * * * *] \r\n  \r\n2[* * * * * * *] \r\n \r\n3[(43ai) “Provincial Act.” “Provincial Act” shall mean an Act made by the Governor in  \r\nCouncil, or Chief Commissioner in Council, Lieutenant-Governor in Council, or Chief \r\nCommissioner in Council of a Province under any of the Indian Councils Acts or the Government \r\nof India Act, 1915 or an Act made by the local Legislature or the Governor of a Province under the \r\nGovernment of India Act, or an Act made by the Provincial Legislature or Governor of a Province \r\nunder the Government of India Act, 1935 (26 Geo. 5,c.2) , or an A ct made by the Provincial \r\nLegislature established or continued under the Constitution 4[of 1956 or an A ct made by the \r\nProvincial Legislature established under the Constitution of  1962] 7[or an Act passed by a \r\nProvincial Assembly established under the Interim Constitution of 1972, or the Constitution of 1973] :] \r\n \r\n *5[(43a) “Provincial Government”. “Provincial Government”— \r\n \r\n6[(a) as respects anything done after the establishment of the Federation of Pakistan \r\nbut before the fourteenth day of October, 1955, shall mean in a Governor's \r\nProvince, the Governor, and in a Chief Commissioner's Province, the 8[Federal \r\nGovernment] ; \r\n \r\n(aa) as respects anything done or to be done after the thirteenth day of October, \r\n1955, shall mean the Governor, and where the administration of any area \r\n9[vested in the Governor G eneral or vests in the President],the 10[Federal \r\nGovernment];] \r\n \r\n11[(aaa) as respects any thing done or to be done after the fourteenth day of August, \r\n1973, shall mean the Chief Ministers and the Provincial Ministers and shall \r\ninclude, in relation to fun ctions entrusted to the  Federal Government, the \r\nFederal Government acting within tile s cope of authority given to it by the \r\nProvincial Government] ; \r\n \r\n12[(aaaa) as respects anything done or to be done after the thirtieth day of June, 1970, \r\nin relation to  the Islamabad Capital Territory under any law coming into \r\nforce after that day, s hall mean the Federal Government;] \r\n_________________________________________________________________________________ \r\n1CI. (41) defining “Presidency town” omitted by  G.G.O. 20 of 1947 Sch. \r\n2Clauses (42) and (43) which were amended by A. 0., 1937, Ord. 21 of 1960, A. 0., 1961, have been omitted by the Federal Laws (Revision and \r\nDeclaration) Ordinance, 1981 (27 of 1981), S. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n3Ins. by A. 0., 1961, Art. 2 and Sch. (with effect from the 23rd March,1956). \r\n4Ins. by A. 0., 1964, Art. 2 and Sch. \r\n5Subs. by the Pakistan (Adaptation of Existing Pakistan Laws) Order, 1947 (G.G.0. 20 of 1947), Sch., for the. clause (43a), which was ins. by A. \r\n0., 1937. \r\n6Subs. by the Central Laws (Statute Reform) Ordinance, 1960 (21 of 1960), s.3 and 2nd Sch., for sub-clause (a) (with effect from the 14th October. 1955) \r\n*The Chief Administrator to be Provincial Government in respect Islamabad Capital Territory, Please see S.R.O 1316 (I)/80, dated 31-12-1980, read with \r\nP.O. 18 of 1980. \r\n7Ins.by F.A.O,  1975, Art.2 and Sch. \r\n8Subs.ibid, Art.2 and Table, for “Central Government”.  \r\n9Subs. by A.O., 1961, Art. 2 and Sch., for “vests in the Governor General” (with effect from the 23rd March, 1956). \r\n10Subs. by F.A.O., 1975, Art. 2 and Table, for “Central Government “. \r\n11Ins. ibid., Art. 2 and Sch. \r\n12Ins. by the General Clauses (Amdt.) Ord., 1979 (32 of 1979), s. 2. \r\n \r\nPage 12 of 23 \r\n \r\n(b) as respects anything done before the establishment of the Federation of \r\nPakistan, but after the 1[commencement of Part III of the Government of \r\nIndia Act, 1935 (26 Geo. 5,c.2) , shall mean in a  Governor's Province, the  \r\nGovernor  acting  or  not  acting in  his  discretion, and exercising or not \r\nexercising his individual judgment, according to the provision in that behalf \r\nmade by and under the said Act, and in a Chief Commissioner's Province, \r\nthe 4[Federal Government] ; and \r\n(c) as respects anything done before the commencement of Part III of the said \r\nAct, shall mean the authority or person authorized at the relevant date to \r\nadminister executive government in the Province in question:] \r\n(44) “Public nuisance.” “public nuisance” shall mean a public nuisance as defined in the \r\nPakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860). \r\n 2[* * * * * * *] \r\n(45) “Registered.” “registered”, used with reference to a document, shall mean registered in \r\n3[a Province] under the law for the time being in force for the registration of documents: \r\n(46) “Regulation.” “Regulation” shall   mean   a   Regulation   made  5[by   the   6[Federal \r\nGovernment] under the Government of India Act, 1870, 7[or the Government of India Act, 1915,] \r\n8[or the Government of India Act,] 5[or under section 95 or section 96 of the Government of India \r\nAct, 1935] 9[or by the Governor under Article 103 or Article 104 of the Constitution. of 1956, or by \r\nthe President or by the Governor under Article 223 of the Constitution of 1962] 10 [,]10[or by the \r\nPresident or by the Governor under Article 247 of the Constitution of 1973:] \r\n(47) “Rule.” “rule” shall mean a rule made in exercise of a pow er”] conferred by any \r\nenactment, and shall include a regulation made as a rule under any enactment: \r\n(48) “Schedule.” “schedule” shall mean a schedule to the Act or Regulation in which the \r\nword occurs: \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n1I.e., the 1st April, 1937. \r\n2C1s. (44al) and (44a) which were amended by various enactments have been omitted by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Ordinance, \r\n1981, (27 of 1981), s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n3Subs. by the Pakistan (Adaptation of Existing Pakistan Laws) Order, 1947 (G.G.O. 20 of 1947), Sch., for “British India”. \r\n4Subs.by F.A.O,1975, Art 2 and Table for “Central Government” \r\n5Ins. by A.0., 1937. \r\n6Subs. by F.A.O., 1975 Art. 2 and Table, for “Central Government”. \r\n7Added by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1917 (24 of 1917), s. 2 and Sch. I. \r\n8Ins., by Act 18 of 1928, s. 2 and Sch. I. \r\n9Ins. by A. 0., 1964, Art. 2 and Sch. \r\n10Subs. and added by F.A.O., 1975 Art. 2 and Sch. \r\n \r\nPage 13 of 23 \r\n \r\n1[(49) “Scheduled Dist rict.” “Scheduled Distri ct” shall mean a “Scheduled Distri ct” as \r\ndefined in the Scheduled Districts Act, 1874 (XV of 1874): \r\n(50) “Section.” “section” shall mean a section of the Act or Regulation in which the word \r\noccurs: \r\n(51) “Ship.” “ship” sh all i nclude every description of v essel sed in navigation not \r\nexclusively propelled by oars: \r\n(52) “Sign.” “sign”, with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, shall, with \r\nreference to  a person who is unable to write his name, include “mark”, with its grammatical \r\nvariations and cognate expressions: \r\n2[*        *         *         *         *         *         *] \r\n(53) “Son.” “son”, in  the case of any one whose personal law permits adoption, shall \r\ninclude an adopted son: \r\n3[*        *         *         *         *         *         *] \r\n(54) “Sub-section.” “sub-section” shall mean a sub-section of the section in which the word \r\noccurs: \r\n4[*       *         *         *         *         *         *] \r\n(55) “Swear.” “swear”, with its grammatical v ariations and cognate expressions, shall \r\ninclude affirming and declaring in the case of persons by law allowed to affirm or declare instead of \r\nswearing: \r\n5[(55a) “Tribal Areas.” “Tribal Areas” shall \r\n \r\n(i) as respects the period after the first day of July, 1970 mean the areas in \r\nPakistan which i mmediately before that day were the Tribal Area and \r\ninclude— \r\n  (a)      the Tribal Areas of Baluchistan and the North-West Frontier Province; \r\n   and \r\n  (b)     the former States of Amb, Chitral, Dir and Swat; \r\n \r\n \r\n1This clause was first amended by the Central Laws (Statute Reform) Ordinance, 1960 (21 of 1960), s. 3 and 2nd Sch. (with effect from the 14th October, \r\n1955) and then revived, retrospectively by the Repealing and Amending Ordinance, 1961 (l of 1961), s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n2Cls. (52al) and (52a) which were ins. by A. 0., 1937 and Ord. 21 of 1960 and amended by F.A.O., 1975, have been omitted by the Federal Laws \r\n(Revision and Declaration) Ordinance, 1981 (27 of 1981), s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n3Cl. (53a), relating to “Special Areas” which was ins., by Ord. 21 of 1960, s. 3 and 2nd Sch. (with effect from the 14th October, 1955), has been omitted \r\nby A. 0.,1964, Art. 2 and Sch. \r\n4Clause (54a), which was ins. by A. 0.,1937 and subs. by A. 0., 1961, have been omitted by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Ordinance, \r\n1981 (27 of 1981). s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n5Clause (55a) defining “United Provinces Act” which was originally ins. by the Amending Act, 1903 (I of 1903), s. 3, Sch. II, repealed by the Federal \r\nLaws (Revision and Declaration) Act, 1951 (26 of 1951), s. 3 and 2nd Sch., and again ins by A.O., 1964, Art. 2 and Sch., have been subs. by F.A.O., \r\n1975, Art. 2 and Sch. \r\n \r\nPage 14 of 23 \r\n \r\n(ii) as respects the period on or after the tenth day of January 1964, and before the \r\nfirst day of July, 1970 mean the areas in the Province of West Pakistan which, \r\non the thirteenth day of October, 1955, were \r\n (a) the Tribal Areas of Baluchistan the Punjab and the North-West \r\n Frontier; and \r\n (b)       the States of Amb, Chitral, Dir and Swat; \r\n(iii)     as respects the period on or after the eight day of June, 1962, and before the \r\n  tenth day of January, 1964, mean the areas in the Province of West Pakistan \r\n  which, on the thirteenth day of October, 1955, were— \r\n(a)   the Tribal Areas of Baluchistan, the Punjab and the North-West \r\nFrontier ; and \r\n (b)       the States of Amb, Chitral, Dir and Swat and the area in the Province \r\n   of East Pakistan known as Chittagong Hill Tract; \r\n \r\n(iv)      as respects the period on or after the twenty-third day of March, 1956, and \r\n  before the eight day of June, 1962, mean the areas of the Province of West \r\n  Pakistan which immediately before the commencement of the Establishment \r\n  of West Pakistan Act, 1955, were— \r\n \r\n(a)   the Tribal Areas of Baluchistan, the Punjab and the North-West \r\nFrontier; and \r\n (b)      the States of Amb, Chitral, Dir and Swat; and \r\n \r\n(v)   as respects the period before the twenty-third day of March, 1956, mean \r\nthe areas in Pakistan which immediately before that day were the Tribal Areas \r\nand include \r\n \r\n(a)   the Tribal Areas of Baluchistan, the Punjab and the North-West \r\nFrontier Province; and \r\n (b)      the States of Amb, Chitral, Dir and Swat.] \r\n1(56) “Vessel”. “vessel” shall include any ship or boat or any other description of vessel used \r\nin navigation. \r\n2[*        *         *         *         *         *         *] \r\n3(57) “Will”. “will” shall include a codicil and every writing making a voluntary \r\nposthumous disposition of property: \r\n \r\n1Cf. s. 742 of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894 (57 & 58 Vict., c. 60). This definition supplements the definition of ship in clause (51), supra. See also \r\ndefinition of vessel in s. 48 of the Pakistan Penal Code (Act 45 of 1860), and in s. 3 (4) of the Canal and Drainage Act, 1873 (8 of 1873)  and ins. 2 (g) \r\nof the Customs Act, 1969 (4 of 1969). \r\n2CIs. (56a) and (56aa) which were ins. by G.G.O. 20 of 1947 and Ord. 21 of 1960 respectively, have been omitted by Ord. 27 of 1981, s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n3Cf. the definition of “will “ in section 2 of the Succession Act, 1925 (39 of 1925). \r\n \r\n \r\nPage 15 of 23 \r\n \r\n1(58) “Writing.” expressions referring to “writing” shall be construed as including \r\nreferences to  printing, lithography, photography and other modes of representing or reproducing \r\nwords in a visible form: and \r\n(59) “Year.” “year” shall mean a year reckoned according to the British calendar. \r\n4. Application of foregoing definitions to previous enactments.—(1)The definitions in \r\nsection 3 of the following wor ds and expressions, that is to say, “affidavit”, “barrister”, 2[*   *] \r\n“District Judge”, “father”, 2[*    *     *] 3 [*    *    *] 2 [*    *]  “immoveable property”, \r\n“imprisonment”, 2[*  *] “Magistrate”,  “month”,  “moveable  property”,  “oath”,  “person”,  \r\n“section”,  ,”son”,  “swear”, “will” and “year” apply also, unless there is anything repugnant in the \r\nsubject or context, to all 4[Central Acts] made after the third day of January, 1868, and to all \r\nRegulations made on or after the fourteenth day of January, 1887. \r\n(2) The definitions in the said section of the following words .and expressions, that is to say,  \r\n“abet”,  “Chapter”,  “commencement”, “financial  year”,  “local  authority”,  “master”, “offence”, \r\n“part”, “public nuisance”, “registered”, “schedule”, “ship”, “sign”, “sub -section” and “writing” \r\napply also, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, to all 5[Central Acts] and \r\nRegulations made on or after the fourteenth day of January, 1887. \r\n6[4A. Application of certain definitions to all Pakistan Laws. — 7[(1) The definitions in \r\nsection 3 of the expressions “British India”, “ Central Act”, “8[Federal Government”, Central \r\nLegislature”, “Chief Revenue Authority”, “Gazette”, “High Court”, “India”, “Official Gazette”, \r\n“Pakistan law”, and “Provincial Government” apply also, unless there is anything repugnant in the \r\nsubject or context, to all Pakistan laws.]. \r\n9[*        *         *         *         *         *         *] \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n1Cf. s. 20 of the Interpretation Act, 1889 (52 & 53 Vict., c. 63). \r\n2The words “British India”, “G. of I.”, “High Court” and “L. G.” rep. by A.O.,1937. \r\n3The words “Her Majesty” or  the Queen' rep. by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1919 (18 pf 1919), s. 3 and Sch. II. \r\n4Subs. by A.O., 1937, for “Acts of the G.G in C.”. \r\n5 Subs. by A.O., 1937, for “Acts of the G. G. in C.”. \r\n6Ins. ibid. \r\n7Subs. by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Ordinance, 1981 (27 of 1981), s. 3 and 2nd Sch., for sub-section (1), which was pre-viously \r\namended by various enactments. \r\n8Subs. by F.A.O., 1975, Art. 2 and Sch., for  “Central Government”. \r\n9Sub-sections (2) and (3) which were amended by various enactments have been omitted by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Ordinance, \r\n1981 (27 of 1981) s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n \r\nPage 16 of 23 \r\n \r\nGENERAL RULES OF CONSTRUCTION \r\n 5.   Co ming into operation of enactments. 1[(1) Where any Central Act is not \r\nexpressed to come into operation on any particular day, then it shall come into operation on the day \r\non which it receives the assent,— \r\n  (a)  in the case of a Central Act made before the twenty-third day of March, 1956, \r\n   of the Governor-General, and \r\n  (b)  in the case of a Central Act made after that date, of the President.] \r\n \r\n  2[*       *         *         *         *         *         *] \r\n(3) Unless the contrary is expressed, a 3[Central Act] or Regulation shall be construed as \r\ncoming into operation immediately on the expiration of the day preceding its commencement. \r\n  45A. [Coming into operation of Governor-General's Act.] Omitted by the Pakistan \r\n(Adaptation of Existing Pakistan Laws) Order, 1947 ( G. G. O. 20 of 1947), Schedule. \r\n \r\n 6.    Effect of repeal. Where this  Act,  or  any  2[Central  Act]  or  Regulation made  after \r\nthe commencement of this Act, repeals any enactment hitherto made or hereafter to be made, then, \r\nunless a different intention appears, the repeal shall not– \r\n \r\n(a)  revive anything not in force or existing at the time at which the repeal takes \r\neffect; or \r\n (b)  affect the previous operation of any enactment so repealed or anything duly \r\n  done or suffered thereunder; or \r\n(c)  affect any right, privilege, obligation or liability acquired, accrued or incurred \r\nunder any enactment so repealed; or \r\n (d)  affect any penalty, forfeiture or punishment incurred in respect of any\r\n offence committed against any enactment so repealed; or \r\n(e)  affect any investigation, legal proceeding or remedy in respect of any \r\nsuch right, privilege, obligation, liability, penalty, forfeiture or punishment as \r\naforesaid;  \r\nand any such investigation, legal proceeding or remedy may be instituted, continued or enforced, \r\nand any such penalty, forfeiture or punishment may be imposed as if the repealing Act or \r\nRegulation had not been passed. \r\n \r\n \r\n1Subs. by A. O., 1961, Art. 2 and Sch. (with effect from the 23rd March,1956), for the original sub-section (1), as amended by A. O., 1937. \r\n2Sub-section (2), which was first subs. by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1917 (24 of 1917), s. 2 and Sch. I, and then amended by A. O., 1937 and \r\nthe Pakistan (Adaptation of Existing Pakistan Laws) Order, 1947 (G. G.O. 20 of 1947), Sch., omitted by A. O., 1961. Art. 2 and Sch. (with \r\neffect from the 23rd March,.1956).                 \r\n3Subs. by A. O., 1937. for “Act of the G.G. in  C.”. \r\n4S. 5A was ins. by A. O., 1937. \r\n \r\nPage 17 of 23 \r\n \r\n 1[6A. Repeal of A ct making textual amendment in Act or Regulation. Where any             \r\n2[Central Act ] or Regulation made after the commencement of this Act repeals any enactment by \r\nwhich the text of any 2[Central Act] or Regulation was amended by the express omission, insertion \r\nor substitution of any matter, then, unless a different intention appears, the repeal shall not affect \r\nthe continuance of any such amendment made by the enactment so repealed and in operation at the \r\ntime of such repeal.] \r\n 37.  Revival of repealed enactments. (1) In any 2[ Central Act] or Regulation made after \r\nthe commencement of this Act, it shall be necessary, for the purpose of reviving, either wholly or \r\npartially, any enactment wholly or partially repealed, expressly to state that purpose. \r\n (2) This section applies also to all 4[Central Acts] made after the third day of January, 1868, \r\nand to all Regulations made on or after the fourteenth day of January, 1887. \r\n5[8.   Construction of references to repealed enactments. (1)] 6Where this Act, or any \r\n2[ Central Act] or Regulation made after the commencement of this Act, repeals and re-enacts, with \r\nor without modification, any provision of a former enactment, then references in any other \r\nenactment or in any instrument to the provision so  repealed shall, unless a different intention \r\nappears, be construed as references to the provision so re-enacted. \r\n7[*     *         *         *         *         *     *] \r\n 9.  Commencement a nd termination of time.—(1) In any 8[Central Act] or Regulation \r\nmade after the commencement of this Act, it shall be sufficient, for the purpose of excluding the \r\nfirst in a series of days or any other period of time, to use the word  “from”, and, for the purpose of \r\nincluding the last in a series of days or any other period of time, to use the word “to”. \r\n (2) This section applies also to all 9[Central Acts] made after the third day of January, 1868, \r\nand to all Regulations made on or after the fourteenth day of January, 1887. \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n1Ins. by the General Clauses (Amdt.) Act, 1936 (19 of 1936), s. 2. \r\n2Subs. by A. O., 1937, for “Act of the G. G. in C.”. \r\n3Cf, s. 11 of the Interpretation Act, 1889 (52 & 53 Vict., c. 63). \r\n4Subs. by A. O.,1937, for “Acts of the G. G. in C.”. \r\n5The original s. 8 was renumbered as sub-section (1) of that section by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1919(18 of 1919), s. 2 and Sch. I. \r\n6Cf, s. 38 (1) of the Interpretation Act, 1889 (52 &53 Vict., c. 63). \r\n7Sub-section (2) which was ins. by Act 18 of 1919 s. 2 and Sch. I, have been omitted by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Ordinance,1981 \r\n(27 of 1981), s. 3 and 2nd Sch. \r\n8Subs. by A. O.,1937, for “Act of the G. G. in C.”. \r\n9Subs. ibid., for “Acts of the G. G. in C.” \r\n \r\nPage 18 of 23 \r\n \r\n 10.  Computation of time. (1) Where, by any 3[Central Act] or Regulation made after \r\nthe commencement of this Act, any act or proceeding is directed or allowed to be done or taken in \r\nany Court or office on a certain day or within a prescribed period, then, if the Court or office is \r\nclosed on that day or the last day of the prescribed period, the act or proceeding shall be considered \r\nas done or taken in due time if it is done or taken on the next day afterwards on which the Court or \r\noffice is open: \r\n Provided that nothing in this section shall apply to any act or proceeding to which the             \r\n1[ Limitation Act, 1908] (IX of 1908), applies. \r\n (2) This section applies also to all 4[Central Acts] and Regulations made on or alter the \r\nfourteenth day of January, 1887. \r\n 211.  Measurement of distances. In the measurement of any distance, for the purposes of \r\nany 3[Central Act] or Regulation made after the commencement of this  Act, that distance shall, \r\nunless a different intention appears, be measured in a straight line on a horizontal plane. \r\n 12.   Duty to be taken prorate in enactments. Where, by any enactment now in force or \r\nhereafter to be in force, any duty of customs or excise, or in the nature thereof, is leviable on any \r\ngiven quantity, by weight, measure or value of any goods or merchandize, then a like duty is \r\nleviable according to the same rate on any greater or less quantity. \r\n 13.   Gender and number. In all 4[Central Acts] and Regulations, unless there is anything \r\nrepugnant in the subject or context,— \r\n(1) words importing the masculine gender shall be taken to include \r\nfemales; and \r\n (2)  words in the singular shall include the plural, and vice versa. \r\n513A.   [References to the Sovereign.] Omitted by A. O., 1961, Art. 2 and Sch. ( with effect \r\nfrom the 23rd March, 1956). \r\nPOWERS AND FUNCTIONARIES \r\n 14.  Powers conferred to be exercisable from time to time. (1) Where, by any 6[Central \r\nAct] or Regulation made after the commencement of this Act, any power is conferred 7*  * * , then, \r\n8[ unless a different intention appears], that power may be exercised from time to time as occasion \r\nrequires. \r\n (2) This section applies also to all 9 [Central Acts] and Regulations made on or after the \r\nfourteenth day of January, 1887. \r\n \r\n \r\n1Subs. by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Ordinance, 1981 (27 of 1981), s. 3 and 2nd Sch., for “Indian Limitation Act, 1877”. \r\n2Cf. s. 34 of the Interpretation Act, 1889(52 & 53 Vict., c. 63). \r\n3Subs.by A.O.,1937 for “Act of the G.G. in C”. \r\n4Subs.ibid., for “Acts of the G.G. in C”. \r\n5S.13A was ins. by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1919 (18 of 1919), s. 2 and Sch. I, and then amended by A. O., 1937.          \r\n6Subs. by A. O., 1937, for “Act of the G.G. in C.”. \r\n7The words “ on the Govt.” rep. by Act 18 of 1919, s. 2 and Sch. I. \r\n8Ins. ibid. \r\n9Subs. by A. O., 1937, for  “Acts of the G. G. in C.”. \r\n \r\nPage 19 of 23 \r\n \r\n 15. Power to appoint to include power to appoint ex officio. Where, by any 3[Central Act] \r\nor Regulation, a power to appoint any person to fill any office or execute any function is conferred, \r\nthen, unless it is otherwise expressly provided, any such appointment, if it is made after the \r\ncommencement of this Act, may be made either by name or by virtue of office. \r\n 16.   Power to appoint to include power to suspend or dismiss. Where, by any 3[Central \r\nAct] or Regulation, a power to make any appointment is conferred, then, unless a different inten \r\ntion appears, the authority having 1 [for the time being] power to make the appointment shall \r\nalso have  power  to  suspend  or  dismiss  any person  appointed  2[whether  by  itself  or  any \r\nother authority] in exercise of that power. \r\n  \r\n17. Substitution of functionaries. (1) In any 3[Central Act] or Regulation made after the \r\ncommencement of this Act, it shall be sufficient, for the purpose of indicating the application of a law \r\nto every person or nu mber of persons for the time being executing the functions of an offi ce, to \r\nmention the official title of the officer at present executing the functions, or that of the officer by \r\nwhom the functions are commonly executed.       . \r\n (2) This section applies also to all 3[Central Acts] made after the third day of January, 1868, \r\nand to all Regulations made on or after the fourteenth day of January, 1887. \r\n 18.  Successors. (1) In any 3[Central Act] or Regulation made after the commencement of \r\nthis Act, it shall be sufficient, for the purpose of indicating the relation of a law to the successors of \r\nany functionaries or  of corporations having perpetual succession, to express its relation to the \r\nfunctionaries or corporations. \r\n (2) This section applies also to all 3[Central Acts] made after the third day of January, 1868, \r\nand to all Regulations made on or after the fourteenth day of January, 1887. \r\n19.  Official chiefs and subordinates.—(1) In any 3[Central Act] or Regulation made after \r\nthe commencement of this Act, it shall be sufficient, for the purpose of expressing that a law relative \r\nto  the  chief  or  superior  of  an  office  shall  apply to  the  deputies  or  subordinates lawfully \r\nperforming the  duties of that office in the place of their superior, to prescribe the duty of the \r\nsuperior. \r\n (2) This section applies also to all 3[Central Acts] made after the third day of January, 1868, \r\nand to all Regulations made on or after the fourteenth day of January, 1887. \r\n \r\n \r\n1Ins. by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1928 (18 of 1928), s. 2. and Sch. I.  \r\n2Subs. ibid., for “ by it”. \r\n3Subs. by A.O., 1937, for   “Acts  of  the G.G. in C”.\r\n \r\nPage 20 of 23 \r\n \r\n \r\n PROVISIONS AS TO ORDERS, RULES, ETC., MADE UNDER ENACTMENTS. \r\n 120.  Construction of orders, etc., issued under enactments. Where, by any 9[Central \r\nAct] or Regulation, a power to issue any 2[notification], order, s cheme, rul e, form or bye-law is \r\nconferred, then expressions used in the 2[notification], order, scheme, rule, form or bye-law, if it is \r\nmade after the commencement of this Act, shall, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject \r\nor context, have the same respective meanings as in the Act or Regulation conferring the power. \r\n \r\n 3[20A. Rul es and Order, etc., to be published.  All rules, Orders, regulations and \r\ncirculars having the effect of law made or issued under any enactment shall be published in the \r\nofficial Gazette.] \r\n  421.  Power to make, to include power to add to, amend, vary or rescind, orders, rules \r\nor bye-laws. Where, by any 9[Central Act] or Regulation, a power to 5[issue notifications], orders, \r\nrules, or bye-laws is conferred, then that power includes a power, exercisable in the like manner and \r\nsubject to the like sanction and conditions (if any), to add to, amend, vary or rescind any \r\n6[notifications], orders, rules or bye-laws so 7[issued]. \r\n822.  Making  of   rules  or   bye-laws  and  issuing  or   o rders  between  passing  \r\nand commencement of enactment. Where, by any 9[Central Act] or Regulation which is not to \r\ncome into force immediately on the passing thereof, a power is conferred to make rules or bye- \r\nlaws, or to issue orders with respect to the application of the Act or Regulation, or with respect to the \r\nestablishment of any Court or office or the appointment of any Judge or officer thereunder, or with \r\nrespect to  the person by whom, or the time when, or the place where, or the manner in whi ch, or \r\nthe fees for which, anything is to be done under the Act or Regulation, then that power may be \r\nexercised at any time after the passing of the Act or Regulation; but rules, bye -laws or orders so \r\nmade or issued shall not take effect till the commencement of the Act or Regulation. \r\n23. Provisions applicable to making of rules or bye-laws after previous publication. \r\nWhere, by any 10[ Central Act] or Regulation, a power to make rules or bye-laws is expressed to be \r\ngiven subject to the condition of the rules or bye-laws being made after previous publication, then \r\nthe following provisions shall apply, namely:— \r\n (1) the authority having power to make the rules or bye-laws shall, before making them, \r\npublish a draft of the proposed rules or bye-laws for the information of persons likely to be affected \r\nthereby; \r\n \r\n1Cf. s. 31 of the Interpretation Act, 1889 (52 & 53 Vict.,.c. 63). \r\n2Ins. by the Amending Act, 1903 (1 of 1903), s. 3 and Sch. II. \r\n3Ins. by  The General Clause (Amdt.) Ordinance, 2002 (Ord. XXXIII of 2002), s. 2. \r\n4Cf. s. 32 (3) of the Interpretation Act, 1889 (52 & 53 Vict.,c. 63). \r\n5Subs. by Act 1 of 1903, s. 3 and Sch. II, for “ make”. \r\n6Ins. Ibid. \r\n7Subs. ibid., for “ made”. \r\n8Cf. s. 37 of the Interpretation Act, 1889 (52 & 53 Viet., c. 63). \r\n9Subs.by A.O., 1937, for “Act of the G.G. in C”. \r\n10Subs. by A. O., 1937, for  “Act of the G. G. in C.”. \r\n \r\nPage 21 of 23 \r\n \r\n (2) the publication shall be made in such manner as that authority deems to be sufficient, \r\nor, if the condition with respect to previous publication so requires, in such manner as the 1[Federal \r\nGovernment] or the 2[ Provincial Government ] prescribes; \r\n (3) there shall be published with the draft a notice specifying a date on or after which the \r\ndraft will be taken into consideration; \r\n (4) the authority having power to make the rules or bye-laws, and, where the rules or bye-\r\nlaws are to be made with the sanction, approval or concurrence of another authority, that authority \r\nalso, shall consider any objection or suggestion which may be received by the authority having \r\npower to make the rules or bye -laws from any person with respect to the draft before the date so \r\nspecified; \r\n (5) the publication in  the 3[official Gazette] of a rule or bye-law purporting to have b een \r\nmade in exercise of a power to make rules or bye-laws after previous publ i-cation shall be \r\nconclusive proof that the rule or bye-law has been duly made. \r\n 24.  Continuation, of orders, etc., issued under enactments repealed and re-enacted. \r\nWhere any 5 [Central Act] or Regulation is, after the commencement of this Act, repealed and \r\nre-enacted with or without modification, then, unless it is otherwise expressly provided, any    \r\n4[ appointment, notifi cation], order, scheme, rule, form or bye-law 4[ made or] issued under the \r\nrepealed Act or Regulation, shall, so far as it is not inconsistent with the provisions re -enacted, \r\ncontinue in force, and be deemed to have been 4[made or] issued under the provisions so  re- \r\nenacted, unless and until it is superseded by any 4[appointment, notification], order, scheme, rule, \r\nform or bye-law 4[made or] issued under the provisions so re-enacted 6[and when any 7[Central Act) \r\nor Regulation, which, by a notification under 8[ any law], has been extended to any local area, \r\nhas, by a subsequent notification, been withdrawn from and re-extended to such area or any part \r\nthereof, the provisions of such Act or Regulation shall be deemed to have been repealed and re-\r\nenacted in such area or part within the meaning of this section ]. \r\n 9[24A.  Exercise of power under enactments.—(1) Where, by or under any enactment, a \r\npower to make any order or give any direction is conferred on any authority, office or person such \r\npower shall be exercised reasonably, fairly, justly and for the advancement of the purposes of the \r\nenactment. \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n1The words “ Central Government”, which were previously subs. by A.O., 1937, for “G. G. in C.” have been further subs. by F.A.O., 1975, Art. 2 and \r\nTable, to read as above. \r\n2Subs. by A. O., 1931, for “ L. G.”. \r\n3Subs. ibid., for “ Gazette”. \r\n4Ins. by the Amending Act, 1903 (I of 1903),  s. 3 and Sch.II. \r\n5Subs. By A.O., 1937, for “Act of the G.G. in C”. \r\n6Ins. by the Second Repealing and Amending Act, 1914 (17 of 1914), section 2 and Sch. I. \r\n7Subs. by A. O.,1937, for “Act of the G. G. in C.”. \r\n8Subs. by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Ordinance, 1981 (27 of 1981), s. 3 and 2nd Sch., for” section 5 or 5A of the Scheduled Districts Act, 1874, or any like \r\nlaw”. \r\n9Ins. by the Act of The General Clauses (Amdt.) Act, 1997 ( Act No. XI of 1997), s.2.  \r\n \r\nPage 22 of 23 \r\n \r\n(2) The authority, office or person making any order or issuing any di rection under the \r\npowers conferred by or under any enactment shall, so far as necessary or appropriate, give \r\nreasons for making the order or, as the case may be, for issuing the direction and shall provide a \r\ncopy of the order or as the case may be, the direction to the person affected prejudicially.] \r\nMISCELLANEOUS \r\n 25.  Recovery of fines.  Sections 63 to 70 of the Pakistan Penal Code and the 1provisions of \r\nthe Code of Criminal Procedure for the time being in force in relation to the issue and the execution \r\nof warrants for the levy of fines shall apply to all fines imposed under any Act Regulation, rule or \r\nbye-law unless the  Act,  Regulation, rule  or  bye-law  contains  an  express  provision  to  the \r\ncontrary. \r\n 26.  Provision as to offences punishable under two or more enactments.—Where an \r\nact or omission constitutes an offence under two or more enactments, then the offender shall be \r\nliable to be prosecuted and punished under either or any of those enactments, but shall not be liable \r\nto be punished twice for the same offence. \r\n 227.   M eaning of service by post.—Where any 5[Central Act] or Regulation made after \r\nthe commencement of this Act authorizes or requires any document to be served by post, whether \r\nthe expression” “serve” or either of the expressions “give” or “send” or any other  expression is \r\nused, then, unless a different intention appears, the service s hall be deemed to  be effected by \r\nproperly addressing, pre-paying and posting by registered post, a letter containing the document, \r\nand, unless the contrary is proved, to have been effected at the time at which the letter would be \r\ndelivered in the ordinary course of post. \r\n  \r\n328. Citation of enactments.— (1) In any 5[Central Act] or Regulation, and in any rule, bye-\r\nlaw, instrument or document, made under, or with reference to, any such Act or Regulation, any \r\nenactment may be cited by reference to  the title or short title (if any) conferred thereon or by \r\nreference to  the number and year thereof, and any provision in an enactment may be cited by \r\nreference to the section or sub-section of the enactment in which the prevision is contained. \r\n (2) In this Act and in any 5[Central Act] or Regulation made after the commencement of this \r\nAct, a  description or citation of a portion of another enactment shall, unless a different intention \r\nappears, be construed as including the word, section or other part mentioned or  referred to as \r\nforming the beginning and as forming the end of the portion comprised in the description or \r\ncitation. \r\n 529.  Saving for  previous  enactments,  rules  and  bye-laws.  The provisions  of  this  \r\nAct respecting the construction of Acts, Regulations, rules or bye-laws made after the commence \r\nment of this Act shall not affect the construction of any Act, Regulation, rule or bye -law made \r\nbefore the commencement of  this Act, although the Act, Regulation, rule or bye-law is continued or \r\namended by an Act, Regulation, tule or bye-law made after the commencement of this Act. \r\n \r\n1See the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (5 of 1898), s. 386 et, seq. \r\n2Cf. the Interpretation Act, 1889 (52 & 53 Viet., c. 63), s. 26. \r\n3Cf. ibid., s.35. \r\n4Subs. by A.O., 1937. For “Act of the G.G. in C”. \r\n5Cf. the Interpretation Act, 1889 (52 & 53 Vict., c.63), s. 40.\r\n \r\nPage 23 of 23 \r\n \r\n 1[30.   Application of Act to Ordinances. In this Act the expression “2[ Central Act]” \r\nwherever it occurs, except in section 5, and the word “Act” in clauses (9), (12), (38), (48) and \r\n(50) of section 3 and in section 25 shall be deemed to include an Ordinance made and promulgated \r\nby the 3[ Governor General] under section 23 of the Indian Councils Act, 1861 4[ or section 72 of the \r\nGovernment of India Act, 1915] 5[ or section 42 6[* * *] of the Government of India Act, 1935   \r\n7 [ or an Ordinance made and promulgated by the President on or after the twenty-third day of \r\nMarch, 1956 ]].] [24&25 Vict., c.67; 5&6 Geo.5, c.61; 26 Geo.5, c.21.] \r\n 7[31.  Application of Act to orders made by the President. The provisions of this Act \r\nshall apply for the interpretation of any Order made by the President on or after the twenty third day \r\nof March, 1956, as they apply for the interpretation of a Central Act, as if every such Order were a \r\nCentral Act.] \r\n8[*        *         * * *         *         *] \r\n \r\n \r\nTHE SCHEDULE. [ENACTMENTS REPEALED.] Rep. by the \r\nAmending Act, 1903 ( I of 1903), s. 4 and Schedule III. \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n1Ins. by the Second Repealing and Amending Act, 1914 (17 of 1914),s. 2 and Sch I. \r\n2Sub. by A. O., 1937, for “Act of the G. G. in C.”. \r\n3Subs. and shall be deemed to. have been so. subs. on the twenty-third day of March, 1956, by the Repealing and Amending Ordinance,1965 (10 of \r\n1965), s. 3 and 2nd Sch. for “President” which had been subs. by A. O., \r\n1961, Art. 2, for the words “Governor General” (with effect from the 23rd, March, 1956). \r\n4Ins. by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1917 (24 of 1917), s. 2 and Sch. I. \r\n5Ins. by A. O., 1937. \r\n6The words and figures “or section 43 omitted by the Pakistan (Adaptation of Existing Pakistan Laws) Order, 1947 (G. G. O. 20 of 1947), Sch. \r\n7Added by the General Clauses (Second Amdt.) Ordinance, 1959 (37 of 1959), ss. 2 and 3. \r\n8Ss. 30A and 31 regarding “Application of Act to Acts made by the Governor General” and “Construction of references to Local Government of a \r\nProvince “ which were ins. by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1923 (11 of 1923), s. 2 and Sch. I and the Repealing and Amending Act, 1920 (31 of \r\n1920), s. 2 and Sch. I, respectively, were rep. by A. O., 1937.",
  "passage_offset_convention": "zero-based Unicode code points and UTF8 bytes; end exclusive",
  "passages": [
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-0-1713:917987bbc0436c5114ed4ca1290c733ff4443eceb9c57b3753f1b7988b0be56a",
      "character_start": 0,
      "character_end": 1713,
      "utf8_byte_start": 0,
      "utf8_byte_end": 1713,
      "passage_sha256": "917987bbc0436c5114ed4ca1290c733ff4443eceb9c57b3753f1b7988b0be56a",
      "reader_fragment": "p-0-1713-917987bbc0436c51"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-1713-3439:3a0d1df1bddd3b15e21d71340887d026eac38b2f89a0b48b7c73e7436b5dc5a8",
      "character_start": 1713,
      "character_end": 3439,
      "utf8_byte_start": 1713,
      "utf8_byte_end": 3461,
      "passage_sha256": "3a0d1df1bddd3b15e21d71340887d026eac38b2f89a0b48b7c73e7436b5dc5a8",
      "reader_fragment": "p-1713-3439-3a0d1df1bddd3b15"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-3439-5185:7c6d02871e66404fe3fb689d9c69468c498293b2efefd1aa8997db142549fcae",
      "character_start": 3439,
      "character_end": 5185,
      "utf8_byte_start": 3461,
      "utf8_byte_end": 5219,
      "passage_sha256": "7c6d02871e66404fe3fb689d9c69468c498293b2efefd1aa8997db142549fcae",
      "reader_fragment": "p-3439-5185-7c6d02871e66404f"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-5185-6966:604e6b0d483e1d891399bf3381c523eead4f13da781fed5993b2f6c943134b9a",
      "character_start": 5185,
      "character_end": 6966,
      "utf8_byte_start": 5219,
      "utf8_byte_end": 7028,
      "passage_sha256": "604e6b0d483e1d891399bf3381c523eead4f13da781fed5993b2f6c943134b9a",
      "reader_fragment": "p-5185-6966-604e6b0d483e1d89"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-6966-8719:95c0387eeea1126a414ac000097f859bf9a05b5e8965cef523910dbc1ba1e9c8",
      "character_start": 6966,
      "character_end": 8719,
      "utf8_byte_start": 7028,
      "utf8_byte_end": 8797,
      "passage_sha256": "95c0387eeea1126a414ac000097f859bf9a05b5e8965cef523910dbc1ba1e9c8",
      "reader_fragment": "p-6966-8719-95c0387eeea1126a"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-8719-10459:0d95f200cdb6403eba6b5ee8a64b7dcdb1bdab5c3ae713c6cf17f4784c807031",
      "character_start": 8719,
      "character_end": 10459,
      "utf8_byte_start": 8797,
      "utf8_byte_end": 10561,
      "passage_sha256": "0d95f200cdb6403eba6b5ee8a64b7dcdb1bdab5c3ae713c6cf17f4784c807031",
      "reader_fragment": "p-8719-10459-0d95f200cdb6403e"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-10459-12190:89a49507ebe33cc1c4b05fc2b84aad43ced166192ed2685158a3e4c0d23af7a5",
      "character_start": 10459,
      "character_end": 12190,
      "utf8_byte_start": 10561,
      "utf8_byte_end": 12308,
      "passage_sha256": "89a49507ebe33cc1c4b05fc2b84aad43ced166192ed2685158a3e4c0d23af7a5",
      "reader_fragment": "p-10459-12190-89a49507ebe33cc1"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-12190-13847:2b485f7198d77859d1d557c4584ce1c75fb7b06d301d69f314100ae6ccdd47d1",
      "character_start": 12190,
      "character_end": 13847,
      "utf8_byte_start": 12308,
      "utf8_byte_end": 13981,
      "passage_sha256": "2b485f7198d77859d1d557c4584ce1c75fb7b06d301d69f314100ae6ccdd47d1",
      "reader_fragment": "p-12190-13847-2b485f7198d77859"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-13847-15637:42ae484a734943652e90b3fc5c70d99b9bc273e3b59b1025db4d5198fb1d7362",
      "character_start": 13847,
      "character_end": 15637,
      "utf8_byte_start": 13981,
      "utf8_byte_end": 15831,
      "passage_sha256": "42ae484a734943652e90b3fc5c70d99b9bc273e3b59b1025db4d5198fb1d7362",
      "reader_fragment": "p-13847-15637-42ae484a73494365"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-15637-17318:07f4a5b82f783d625ad6d3d62def072565208f622f617254e831285555d6240d",
      "character_start": 15637,
      "character_end": 17318,
      "utf8_byte_start": 15831,
      "utf8_byte_end": 17524,
      "passage_sha256": "07f4a5b82f783d625ad6d3d62def072565208f622f617254e831285555d6240d",
      "reader_fragment": "p-15637-17318-07f4a5b82f783d62"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-17318-19058:11036d4df6739061bee969c96da0f1a2ca29b3380d0bf5302e62e03e6b446d79",
      "character_start": 17318,
      "character_end": 19058,
      "utf8_byte_start": 17524,
      "utf8_byte_end": 19310,
      "passage_sha256": "11036d4df6739061bee969c96da0f1a2ca29b3380d0bf5302e62e03e6b446d79",
      "reader_fragment": "p-17318-19058-11036d4df6739061"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-19058-20714:e0ce21e6743d8d435f028d67b2741c9a3e83db622b6f013ad65f1706f8af86f5",
      "character_start": 19058,
      "character_end": 20714,
      "utf8_byte_start": 19310,
      "utf8_byte_end": 21008,
      "passage_sha256": "e0ce21e6743d8d435f028d67b2741c9a3e83db622b6f013ad65f1706f8af86f5",
      "reader_fragment": "p-19058-20714-e0ce21e6743d8d43"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-20714-22509:e27caac905903697ec2798340e9820aea68ba99362d636c5584a4d0636c89b70",
      "character_start": 20714,
      "character_end": 22509,
      "utf8_byte_start": 21008,
      "utf8_byte_end": 22851,
      "passage_sha256": "e27caac905903697ec2798340e9820aea68ba99362d636c5584a4d0636c89b70",
      "reader_fragment": "p-20714-22509-e27caac905903697"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-22509-24290:e68cad66a0eac261114b43f1f717d59a5a2f1b2fbb23f47a15d7ca498f9ddfa1",
      "character_start": 22509,
      "character_end": 24290,
      "utf8_byte_start": 22851,
      "utf8_byte_end": 24684,
      "passage_sha256": "e68cad66a0eac261114b43f1f717d59a5a2f1b2fbb23f47a15d7ca498f9ddfa1",
      "reader_fragment": "p-22509-24290-e68cad66a0eac261"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-24290-26089:a3b120afbfa04d18ab9b81ab292b37a1d55b372701e9c14ed36a34b3e7bbdce3",
      "character_start": 24290,
      "character_end": 26089,
      "utf8_byte_start": 24684,
      "utf8_byte_end": 26517,
      "passage_sha256": "a3b120afbfa04d18ab9b81ab292b37a1d55b372701e9c14ed36a34b3e7bbdce3",
      "reader_fragment": "p-24290-26089-a3b120afbfa04d18"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-26089-27798:e3f12032086f86437d8753fcc9bf314787251235cd9ad0efef75d4119ab7584b",
      "character_start": 26089,
      "character_end": 27798,
      "utf8_byte_start": 26517,
      "utf8_byte_end": 28258,
      "passage_sha256": "e3f12032086f86437d8753fcc9bf314787251235cd9ad0efef75d4119ab7584b",
      "reader_fragment": "p-26089-27798-e3f12032086f8643"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-27798-29514:aeb412dc68b200f968e315227f461ccbb38106de651aed2e2335a962c6003c56",
      "character_start": 27798,
      "character_end": 29514,
      "utf8_byte_start": 28258,
      "utf8_byte_end": 29988,
      "passage_sha256": "aeb412dc68b200f968e315227f461ccbb38106de651aed2e2335a962c6003c56",
      "reader_fragment": "p-27798-29514-aeb412dc68b200f9"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-29514-31235:23f36e78ed5f87a7484b0d0f391e90a2c8461abd35891ec266d1682e71e5a976",
      "character_start": 29514,
      "character_end": 31235,
      "utf8_byte_start": 29988,
      "utf8_byte_end": 31721,
      "passage_sha256": "23f36e78ed5f87a7484b0d0f391e90a2c8461abd35891ec266d1682e71e5a976",
      "reader_fragment": "p-29514-31235-23f36e78ed5f87a7"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-31235-32991:91c8f3a6a15a915917ea315af1d18e65e12cccc6e29db229372f772aa672e0cd",
      "character_start": 31235,
      "character_end": 32991,
      "utf8_byte_start": 31721,
      "utf8_byte_end": 33523,
      "passage_sha256": "91c8f3a6a15a915917ea315af1d18e65e12cccc6e29db229372f772aa672e0cd",
      "reader_fragment": "p-31235-32991-91c8f3a6a15a9159"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-32991-34739:4204de73420855af1cf4a12c21603d841c95546f04ca52aac6874b4fbc85f2d3",
      "character_start": 32991,
      "character_end": 34739,
      "utf8_byte_start": 33523,
      "utf8_byte_end": 35351,
      "passage_sha256": "4204de73420855af1cf4a12c21603d841c95546f04ca52aac6874b4fbc85f2d3",
      "reader_fragment": "p-32991-34739-4204de73420855af"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-34739-36500:08278eca7d5598abe8fe1365d22188d79277d4e62d244b3b81b05b952b21ca3b",
      "character_start": 34739,
      "character_end": 36500,
      "utf8_byte_start": 35351,
      "utf8_byte_end": 37124,
      "passage_sha256": "08278eca7d5598abe8fe1365d22188d79277d4e62d244b3b81b05b952b21ca3b",
      "reader_fragment": "p-34739-36500-08278eca7d5598ab"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-36500-38234:34a34a7b4e05f1ff328d7c5c2c20a644416d0b6d68ddf5d55cb77ee0ccfc3524",
      "character_start": 36500,
      "character_end": 38234,
      "utf8_byte_start": 37124,
      "utf8_byte_end": 38880,
      "passage_sha256": "34a34a7b4e05f1ff328d7c5c2c20a644416d0b6d68ddf5d55cb77ee0ccfc3524",
      "reader_fragment": "p-36500-38234-34a34a7b4e05f1ff"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-38234-39951:b585005842ca4c1d8173de8fca0f56bdc879577a8eaf8533015a33fb1495787a",
      "character_start": 38234,
      "character_end": 39951,
      "utf8_byte_start": 38880,
      "utf8_byte_end": 40743,
      "passage_sha256": "b585005842ca4c1d8173de8fca0f56bdc879577a8eaf8533015a33fb1495787a",
      "reader_fragment": "p-38234-39951-b585005842ca4c1d"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-39951-41716:c11374bd1dfeb8f6b41fbc6a732e610b1b58770f467e8fc793d3f11a62eaa36e",
      "character_start": 39951,
      "character_end": 41716,
      "utf8_byte_start": 40743,
      "utf8_byte_end": 42586,
      "passage_sha256": "c11374bd1dfeb8f6b41fbc6a732e610b1b58770f467e8fc793d3f11a62eaa36e",
      "reader_fragment": "p-39951-41716-c11374bd1dfeb8f6"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-41716-43496:c9b060a33bae239b0a19992e6bcce2bea9840b02d6e882dae8e6006674678f61",
      "character_start": 41716,
      "character_end": 43496,
      "utf8_byte_start": 42586,
      "utf8_byte_end": 44370,
      "passage_sha256": "c9b060a33bae239b0a19992e6bcce2bea9840b02d6e882dae8e6006674678f61",
      "reader_fragment": "p-41716-43496-c9b060a33bae239b"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-43496-45199:bbde14ec7efe482c989d39fb3b0e88137388b8d7f6dead621f41909657f0dba7",
      "character_start": 43496,
      "character_end": 45199,
      "utf8_byte_start": 44370,
      "utf8_byte_end": 46079,
      "passage_sha256": "bbde14ec7efe482c989d39fb3b0e88137388b8d7f6dead621f41909657f0dba7",
      "reader_fragment": "p-43496-45199-bbde14ec7efe482c"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-45199-46970:6204e2b20b07b14e7f0922b531e8e71a212452c5b49fcbc78283ecffd104f534",
      "character_start": 45199,
      "character_end": 46970,
      "utf8_byte_start": 46079,
      "utf8_byte_end": 47876,
      "passage_sha256": "6204e2b20b07b14e7f0922b531e8e71a212452c5b49fcbc78283ecffd104f534",
      "reader_fragment": "p-45199-46970-6204e2b20b07b14e"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-46970-48698:b459e6da5f6ea20cf258cf6d5bd3011272bd66fe000135e6f7cf0797dcf1dd58",
      "character_start": 46970,
      "character_end": 48698,
      "utf8_byte_start": 47876,
      "utf8_byte_end": 49608,
      "passage_sha256": "b459e6da5f6ea20cf258cf6d5bd3011272bd66fe000135e6f7cf0797dcf1dd58",
      "reader_fragment": "p-46970-48698-b459e6da5f6ea20c"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-48698-50403:1ccb3eb4b86dff9634be06536720e946ba6535f4e6c00d6ade602e979191e5d2",
      "character_start": 48698,
      "character_end": 50403,
      "utf8_byte_start": 49608,
      "utf8_byte_end": 51339,
      "passage_sha256": "1ccb3eb4b86dff9634be06536720e946ba6535f4e6c00d6ade602e979191e5d2",
      "reader_fragment": "p-48698-50403-1ccb3eb4b86dff96"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-50403-52201:2dd41b6ed9a1f1ab83b0b4a46f0818e853edf2af60a8890ac4428c321875c36c",
      "character_start": 50403,
      "character_end": 52201,
      "utf8_byte_start": 51339,
      "utf8_byte_end": 53143,
      "passage_sha256": "2dd41b6ed9a1f1ab83b0b4a46f0818e853edf2af60a8890ac4428c321875c36c",
      "reader_fragment": "p-50403-52201-2dd41b6ed9a1f1ab"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-52201-53998:48c49410dac8d2745a1d9587300cee89f2b309733c43b6ea7456e96c52b7dc08",
      "character_start": 52201,
      "character_end": 53998,
      "utf8_byte_start": 53143,
      "utf8_byte_end": 54950,
      "passage_sha256": "48c49410dac8d2745a1d9587300cee89f2b309733c43b6ea7456e96c52b7dc08",
      "reader_fragment": "p-52201-53998-48c49410dac8d274"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-53998-55792:981923b4d86055250e926c30b182d09035535eb19fba4c8eb03816443440d4f7",
      "character_start": 53998,
      "character_end": 55792,
      "utf8_byte_start": 54950,
      "utf8_byte_end": 56754,
      "passage_sha256": "981923b4d86055250e926c30b182d09035535eb19fba4c8eb03816443440d4f7",
      "reader_fragment": "p-53998-55792-981923b4d8605525"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-55792-57559:3f9698bff1700ad412cff5906df9854d7ae8af145e5b39368cf005b75b3d535c",
      "character_start": 55792,
      "character_end": 57559,
      "utf8_byte_start": 56754,
      "utf8_byte_end": 58529,
      "passage_sha256": "3f9698bff1700ad412cff5906df9854d7ae8af145e5b39368cf005b75b3d535c",
      "reader_fragment": "p-55792-57559-3f9698bff1700ad4"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-57559-59331:f8abbb5fb0b803484bd34fe855caff75b2216f7f07ca7d47a7df93af3b3bc37f",
      "character_start": 57559,
      "character_end": 59331,
      "utf8_byte_start": 58529,
      "utf8_byte_end": 60331,
      "passage_sha256": "f8abbb5fb0b803484bd34fe855caff75b2216f7f07ca7d47a7df93af3b3bc37f",
      "reader_fragment": "p-57559-59331-f8abbb5fb0b80348"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-59331-61112:90cd2b1c4e51ef72f5cddde378f9c2382d55c754275c26e9ca4b9641c1e786c5",
      "character_start": 59331,
      "character_end": 61112,
      "utf8_byte_start": 60331,
      "utf8_byte_end": 62132,
      "passage_sha256": "90cd2b1c4e51ef72f5cddde378f9c2382d55c754275c26e9ca4b9641c1e786c5",
      "reader_fragment": "p-59331-61112-90cd2b1c4e51ef72"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-61112-62876:c5a992d2055471f78305dc2781c03bd679ec255cc375068b1db3644fa7dc8d43",
      "character_start": 61112,
      "character_end": 62876,
      "utf8_byte_start": 62132,
      "utf8_byte_end": 63908,
      "passage_sha256": "c5a992d2055471f78305dc2781c03bd679ec255cc375068b1db3644fa7dc8d43",
      "reader_fragment": "p-61112-62876-c5a992d2055471f7"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-62876-64657:920148d96912cd96c42dd89355f8ca6c795384aeb57c47622399a7e5bcfa25d2",
      "character_start": 62876,
      "character_end": 64657,
      "utf8_byte_start": 63908,
      "utf8_byte_end": 65705,
      "passage_sha256": "920148d96912cd96c42dd89355f8ca6c795384aeb57c47622399a7e5bcfa25d2",
      "reader_fragment": "p-62876-64657-920148d96912cd96"
    },
    {
      "passage_id": "law:pk-code-09aa0fa91d1da8e2:sha256:f2b1ff53fe2136da53ab2b4b5ed3abc1d5ce8d373e579ad40d7068b3b914fac0:chars-64657-65010:b605c017e819d15472ded1aec2b7a4cd19d40f0562a5a2c11a3b0bf8f6bc4731",
      "character_start": 64657,
      "character_end": 65010,
      "utf8_byte_start": 65705,
      "utf8_byte_end": 66066,
      "passage_sha256": "b605c017e819d15472ded1aec2b7a4cd19d40f0562a5a2c11a3b0bf8f6bc4731",
      "reader_fragment": "p-64657-65010-b605c017e819d154"
    }
  ]
}