Specific Relief Act, 1877

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THE SPECIFIC RELIEF ACT, 1877  
 
 
CONTENTS 
 
PART I  
Preliminary 
 
1. Short title. Local extent. Commencement. 
2. [Repealed.] 
3. Interpretation­clause. Words defined in Contract Act. 
4. Savings. 
5. Specific relief how given. 
6. Preventive relief. 
7. Relief not granted to enforce penal law. 
PART II  
Of Specific Relief 
CHAPTER I  
OF RECOVERING POSSESSION OF PROPERTY 
(a) Possession of Immoveable Property  
8. Recovery of specific immoveable property. 
9. Suit by person dispossessed of immoveable property. 
(b) Possession of Moveable Property 
10. Recovery of specific moveable property. 
11. Liability of person in possession, not as owner, to deliver to person entitled to immediate 
possession. 

 
 
 
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CHAPTER II  
OF THE SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACTS 
(a) Contracts which may be specifically enforced  
12. Cases in which specific performance enforceable. 
13. Contract of which the subject has partially ceased to exist. 
14. Specific performance of part of contract where part unperformed is small. 
15. Specific performance of part of contract where part unperformed is large. 
16. Specific performance of independent part of contract. 
17. Bar in other cases of specific performance of part of contract. 
18. Purchaser's rights against vendor with imperfect title. 
19. Power to award compensation in certain cases. 
20. Liquidation of damages not a bar to specific performance.  
(b) Contracts which cannot be specifically enforced  
21. Contracts not specifically enforceable. 
                                    (c) of the Discretion of the court 
22. Discretion as to decreeing specific performance. 
(d) For whom Contracts may be specifically enforced  
23. Who may obtain specific performance. 
(e) For whom Contracts cannot be specifically enforced  
24. Personal bars to the relief. 
25. Contracts to sell property by one who has no title, or who is a voluntary settler. 
(f) For whom Contracts cannot be specifically enforced, except with a Variation. 
26. Non­enforcement except with variation. 
(g) Against whom Contracts may be specifically enforced  
27. Relief against parties and persons claiming under them by subsequent title. 
27 (A). Specific performance in case of part performance of contract to lease. 
(h) Against whom Contracts cannot be specifically enforced  
 
 
 
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28. What parties cannot be compelled to perform. 
 (i) The effect of dismissing a Suit for Specific Performance  
29. Bar of suit for breach after dismissal. 
   (j) Awards and Directions to execute Settlements  
30 . Application of preceding sections to awards and testamentary directions to execute 
settlements. 
CHAPTER III  
OF THE RECTIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS 
31. When instrument may be rectified. 
32. Presumption as to intent of parties. 
33. Principles of rectification. 
34. Specific enforcement of rectified contract. 
CHAPTER IV  
OF THE RECISSION OF CONTRACTS  
35. When rescission may be adjudged. 
36. Rescission for mistake. 
37 . Alternative prayer for rescission in suit for specific performance. 
38. Court may require party rescinding to do equity. 
CHAPTER V  
OF THE CANCELLATION OF INSTRUMENTS 
39. When cancellation may be ordered. 
40. What instruments may be partially cancelled. 
41. Power to require party for whom instrument is cancelled to make compensation. 
CHAPTER VI 
OF DECLARATORY DECREES  
42. Discretion of Court as to declaration of status or right.  
43. Effect of declaration.  
 
 
 
 
 
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CHAPTER VII  
OF THE APPOINTMENT OF RECEIVERS  
44. Appointment of receivers discretionary.  
Reference to code of Civil Procedure. 
CHAPTER VIII  
OF THE ENFORCEMENT OF PUBLIC DUTIES  
45 to 51. [Omitted.] 
PART III  
Of Preventive Relief  
CHAPTER IX  
OF INJUNCTIONS GENERALLY  
52. Preventive relief how granted. 
53. Temporary injunctions.  
Perpetual injunctions. 
CHAPTER X  
OF PERPETUAL INJUNCTIONS  
54. Perpetual injunctions when granted. 
55. Mandatory injunction. 
56. Injunction when refused. 
57. Injunction to perform negative agreement. 
 
SCHEDULE.__ [ Repealed.] 
  
 
 
 
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THE SPECIFIC RELIEF ACT, 1877 
1Act No. I of 1877 
[7th February, 1877] 
An Act to define and amend the law relating to certain kinds of Specific Relief. 
WHEREAS it is expedient to define and amend the law relating to certain kinds of specific 
relief obtainable in civil suits; It is hereby enacted as follows :— 
 
PART I 
Preliminary 
1. Short title. This Act may be called the Specific Relief Act, 1877.  
 Local extent. 2[It extends to the whole of Pakistan.] 
 Commencement. And it shall come into force on the first day of May, 1877. 
 2. [Repeal of enactments.] Rep. by the Amending Act, 1891 (XII of 1891). 
 3. Interpretation­clause. In this Act, unless there be something repugnant in the subject or 
context,___ 
 “obligation” includes every duty enforceable by law: 
 “trust” includes every species of express, implied, or constructive fiduciary ownership: 
 “trustee” includes every person holding, expressly, by implication, or constructively, a 
fiduciary character: 
Illustrations 
(a) Z bequeaths land to A, “not doubting that he will pay thereout an annuity of 
Rs. 1,000 to B for his life”. A accepts the beque st. A is a trustee, within the 
meaning of this Act, for B, to the extent of the annuity. 
 
 
 
 
 
1For the Statement of Objects and Reasons, see Gazette of India, 1875, Pt. V, P. 258 ; for the Report of the Select Committee, see ibid., 1876, Pt. V, p. 
1445; for discussions in Council, see ibid., 1875, Supplement, pp. 981 and 1025 ; ibid., 1876, Supplement, p. 1284 and ibid., 1877, Supplement, p. 177. 
It has been extended, by notification under s. 5 of the Scheduled Districts Act, 1874 (14 of 1874), to the following Scheduled Districts, namely:­  
the Scheduled Districts of the 
Punjab. . See Gazette of India, 1877, Pt. I, p. 562.  
Sind . . Ditto, 1880, Pt. I, p. 676. 
It has been applied to Phulera in the Excluded Area of Upper Tanawalto the extent the Act is applicable in the N.W.F.P., subject to certain 
modifications ; and extended to the Excluded Area of Upper Tanawal (N.W.F.P.) other than Phulera with effect from such date and subject to such 
modifications as may be notified, see N.W.F.P. (Upper Tanawal) (Excluded Area) Laws Regulation, 1950. 
S. 9 has been declared to be in force in Balochistan by the British Balochistan Laws Regulation, 1913 (2 of 1913), s. 3. (w.e.f. 18th August, 1913). 
It has also been extended to the Leased Areas of Balochistan, see the Leased Areas (Laws) Order, 1950 (G.G.O. 3 of 1950) (w.e.f. 15th August, 1947) ; 
and applied in the Federated Areas of Balochistan, see Gazette of India, 15th August, 1937, Pt. I, p. 1499. 
2Subs. by the Central Laws (Statute Reform) Ordinance, 1960 (21 of 960), s. 3 and 2nd Sch. (w.e.f. 14th October, 1955), for the original para, as 
amended by A. O., 1949, Arts. 3 (2) and 4. (w.e.f. 28th March, 1949). 
 
 
 
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(b) A is the legal, medical, or spiritual adviser of B. By availing himself of his 
situation as such adviser, A gains some pecuniary advantage which might 
otherwise have accrued to B. A is a trustee, for B, within the meaning of this 
Act, of such advantage. 
(c) A, being B’s banker, discloses for his own purpose the state of B’s account. A 
is a trustee, within the meaning of this Act, for B, of the benefit gained by him 
by means of such disclosure. 
(d) A, the mortgagee of certain leaseholds, renews the lease in his own name. A is 
a trustee, within the meaning of this Act, of the renewed lease, for those 
interested in the original lease. 
(e) A, one of several partners, is employed to purchase goods for the firm. A, 
unknown to his co­partners, supplies them, at the market­price, with goods 
previously bought by himself when the price was lower, and thus makes a 
considerable profit. A is a trustee for his co­ partners, within the meaning of 
this Act, of the profit so made. 
(f) A, the manager of B’s indigo­factory, becomes agent for C, a vendor of 
indigo­seed, and receives, without B’s assent, commission on the seed 
purchased from C for the factory. A is a trustee, within the meaning of this 
Act, for B, of the commission so received. 
(g) A buys certain land with notice that B has already contracted to buy it. A is a 
trustee, within the meaning of this Act, for B, of the land so bought. 
(h) A buys land from B, having notice that C is in occupation of the land. A omits 
to make any inquiry as to the nature of C’s interest therein. A is a trustee, 
within the meaning of this Act, for C, to the extent of that interest. 
 “settlement “ means any instrument (other than a will or codicil as defined by 
the Indian Succession Act (X of 1865)1) whereby the destination or devolution 
of successive interests in moveable or immoveable property is disposed of or 
is agreed to be disposed of: 
 Words defined in Contract Act. and all words occurring in this Act, which are defined in 
the Contract Act, 1872 (IX of 1872), shall be deemed to have the meanings respectively assigned to 
them by that Act. 
 4. Savings. Except where it is herein otherwise expressly enacted, nothing in this Act shall be 
deemed___ 
(a) to give any right to relief in respect of any agreement which is not a contract; 
(b) to deprive any person of any right to relief, other than specific perfor mance, 
which he may have under any contract; or 
 
 
1See now the Succession Act, 1925 (39 of 1925). 
 
 
 
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(c) to affect the operation of the Indian Registration Act1 on documents. 
 5. Specific relief how given. Specific relief is given___ 
(a)  by taking possession of certain property and delivering it to a claimant; 
(b) by ordering a party to do the very act which he is under an obligation to do ; 
(c) by preventing a party from doing that which he is under an obligation not to 
do ; 
(d) by determining and declaring the rights of parties otherwise than by an award 
of compensation; or 
(e) by appointing a receiver. 
 6. Preventive relief. Specific relief granted under clause (c) of section 5 is called preventive 
relief. 
 7. Relief not granted to enforce penal law. Specific relief cannot be granted for the mere 
purpose of enforcing a penal law. 
PART II 
Of Specific Relief 
CHAPTER I 
OF RECOVERING POSSESSION OF PROPERTY 
(a) Possession of Immoveable Property 
 8. Recovery of specific immoveable property. A person entitled to the possession of 
specific immoveable property may recover it in the manner prescribed by the Code of Civil 
Procedure2. 
 39. Suit by person dispossessed of immoveable property. If any person is dispossessed 
without his consent of immoveable property otherwise than in due course of law, he or any person 
claiming through him may, by suit 4* * * recover possession thereof, notwithstanding any other title 
that may be set up in such suit. 
 
 
 
 
 
1See now the Registration Act, 1908 (16 of 1908). 
2See now the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act 5 of 1908). 
3But see as to tenancies in the Punjab, the Punjab Tenancy Act, 1887 (16 of 1887), s. 51. 
4The words “instituted within six months from the date of the dispossession” rep. by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1891 (12 of 1891) (w.e.f. 21st 
March, 1891). 
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 Nothing in this section shall bar any person from suing to establish his title to such property 
and to recover possession thereof. 
 No suit under this section shall be brought against 1[the 2[Federal Government] or any 
Provincial Government]. 
 No appeal shall lie from any order or decree passed in any suit instituted under this section, 
nor shall any review of any such order or decree be allowed. 
(b) Possession of Moveble Property 
 10. Recovery of specific moveable property. A person entitled to the possession of specific 
moveable property may recover the same in the manner prescribed by the Code of Civil Procedure3. 
 Explanation 1.__ A trustee may sue under this section for the possession of property to the 
beneficial interest in which the person for whom he is trustee is entitled. 
 Explanation 2.__ A special or temporary right to the present possession of property is 
sufficient to support a suit under this section. 
Illustrations 
(a) A bequeaths land to B for his life, with remainder to C. A dies. B enters on the 
land, but C, without B’s consent, obtains possession of the title deeds. B may 
recover them from C. 
(b) A pledges certain Jewels to B to secure a loan. B disposes of them before he is 
entitled to do so. A, without having paid or tendered the amount of the loan, 
sues B for possession of the jewels. The suit should be dismissed, as A is not 
entitled to their possession, whatever right he may have to secure their safe 
custody. 
(c) A receives a letter addressed to him by B. B gets back the letter without A’s 
consent. A has such a property therein as entitles him to recover it from B. 
(d) A deposit books and papers for safe custody with B. B loses them and C finds 
them, but refuses to deliver them to B when demanded. B may recover them 
from C, subject to C’s right, if any, under section 168 of the Contract Act, 
1872 (IX of 1872). 
(e) A, a warehouse­keeper, is charged with the delivery of certain goods to Z, 
which B takes out of A’s possession. A may sue B for the goods. 
 
 
 
1The original words “the Government” were first subs. by A. O., 1937 (w.e.f. 1st April, 1937) and then amended by A. O., 1949 (w.e.f. 28th March, 
1949) to read as above. 
2Subs. by F. A. O., 1975, Art. 2, for “Central Government” (w.e.f. 28th July, 1975). 
3See now the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act 5 of 1908). 
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 11. Liability of person in possession, not as owner, to deliver to person entitled to 
immediate possession.  Any person having the possession or control of a particular article of 
moveable property, of which he is not the owner, may be co mpelled specifically to deliver it to the 
person entitled to its immediate possession, in any of the following cases :__ 
(a) when the thing claimed is held by the defendant as the agent or trustee of the 
claimant; 
(b) when compensation in money would not afford the claimant adequate relief 
for the loss of the thing claimed; 
(c) when it would be extremely difficult to ascertain the actual damage caused by 
its loss; 
(d) when the possession of the thing claimed has been wrongfully transferred 
from the claimant. 
Illustrations 
of clause (a)— 
 A, proceeding to Europe, leaves his furniture in charge of B as his agent during his absence. 
B, without A’s authority, pledges the furniture to C, and C, knowing that B had no right to pledge the 
furniture, advertises it for sale. C may be compelled to deliver the furniture to A, for he holds it as 
A’s trustee. 
of clause (b)— 
 Z has got possession of an idol belonging to A’s family, and of which A is the proper 
custodian. Z may be compelled to deliver the idol to A. 
of clause (c) 
 A is entitled to a picture by a dead painter and a pair of rare China vases. B has possession of 
them. The articles are of too special a character to bear an ascertainable market­value. B may be 
compelled to deliver them to A. 
CHAPTER II 
OF THE SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACTS 
(a) Contracts which may be specifically enforced 
 12. Cases in which specific performance enforceable. Except as otherwise provided in this 
Chapter, the specific performance of any contract may in the discretion of the Court be enforced___ 
(a)  when the act agreed to be done is in the performance, wholly or partly, of a 
trust; 
  
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(b) when 1[their] exists no standard for ascertaining the actual damage caused by 
non­ performance of the act agreed to be done; 
(c) when the act agreed to be done is such that pecuniary compensation for its 
non­performance would not afford adequate relief; or 
(d) when it is probable that pecuniary compensation cannot be got for the 
non­performance of the act agreed to be done. 
 Explanation.___ Unless and until the contrary is proved, the Court shall presume that the 
breach of a contract to transfer immoveable property cannot be adequately relieved by compensation 
in money, and that the breach of a contract to transfer moveable property can be thus relieved. 
Illustrations 
 2* * * * * * * 
of clause (b)— 
 A agrees to buy, and B agrees to sell, a picture by a dead painter and two rare China vases. A 
may compel B specifically to perform this contract, for there is no standard for ascertaining the 
actual damage which would be caused by its non­performance. 
of clause (c)— 
 A contracts with B to sell him a house for Rs. 1,000. B is entitled to a decree directing A to 
convey the house to him, he paying the purchase­money. 
 In consideration of being released from certain obligations imposed on it by its act of 
Incorporation, a railway­company contract with Z to make an archway through their railway to 
connect lands of Z served by the railway, to construct a road between certain specified points, to pay 
a certain annual sum towards the maintenance of this road, and also to construct a siding and a wharf 
as specified in the contract. Z is entitled to have this contract specifically enforced, for his interest in 
its performance cannot be adequately compensated for by money: and the Court may appoint a 
proper person to superintend the construction of the archway, road, siding and wharf. 
 A contracts to sell, and B contracts to buy, a certain number of railway shares of a particular 
description. A refuses to complete the sale. B may compel A specifically to perform this agreement, 
for the shares are limited in number and not always to be had in the market, and their possession 
carries with it the status of a shareholder, which cannot otherwise be procured. 
 A contracts with B to paint a picture for B, who agrees to pay therefor Rs. 1,000. The picture 
is painted. B is entitled to have it delivered to him on payment or tender of the Rs. 1,000. 
  
 
1See. should read “there”. 
2The first Illustration omitted by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Ordinance, 1981 (27 of 1981), s.3 and 2nd Sch. 
 
  
  
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of clause (d)— 
A transfers without endorsement, but for valuable consideration, a promissory note to B. A becomes 
insolvent, and C is appointed his assignee. B may compel C to endorse the note, for C has succeeded 
to A’s liabilities, and a decree for pecuniary compensation for not endorsing the note would be 
fruitless. 
 13. Contract of which the subject has partially ceased to exist. Notwithstanding anything 
contained in section 56 of the Contract Act, a contract is not wholly impossible of performance 
because a portion of its subject matter, existing at its date, has ceased to exist at the time of the 
performance. 
 1*  *  * * * * * * 
 14. Specific performance of part of contract where part unperformed is small. Where a 
party to a contract is unable to perform the whole of his part of it, but the part which must be left 
unperformed bears only a small proportion to the whole in value, and admits of compensation in 
money, the Court may, at the suit of either party, direct the specific performance of so much of the 
contract as can be performed, and award compensation in money for the deficiency. 
Illustrations 
(a) A contracts to sell B a piece of lane consisting of 100 bighas. It turns out that 
98 bighas of the land belong to A, and the two remaining bighas to a stranger, 
who refuses to part with them. The two bighas are not necessary for the use or 
enjoyment of the 98 bighas, nor so important for such use of enjoyment that 
the loss of them may not be made good in money. A may be directed at the 
suit of B to convey to B the 98 bighas and to make compensation to him for 
not conveying the two remaining bighas ; or B may be directed, at the suit of 
A, to pay to A, on receiving the conveyance and possession of the land, the 
stipulated purchase­money less a sum awarded as compensation for the 
deficiency. 
(b) In a contract for the sale and purchase of a house and lands for two lakhs of 
rupees, it is agreed that part of the furniture should be taken at a valuation. The 
Court may direct specific performance of the contract notwithstanding the 
parties are unable to agree as to the valuation of the furniture, and may either 
have the furniture valued in the suit and include it in the decree for specific 
performance, or may confine its decree to the house. 
 15. Specific performance of part of contract where part unperformed is large. Where a 
party to a contract is unable to perform the whole of his part of it, and the part which must be left 
unperformed forms a considerable portion of the whole, or does not admit of compensation in 
money, he is not entitled to obtain a decree for specific performance. But the Court may, at the suit 
of the other party direct the party in default to perform specifically so much of his part of the contract 
as he can perform, provided that the plaintiff relinquishes all claim to further performance, and all 
right to compensation either for the deficiency, or for the loss or damage sustained by him through 
the default of the defendant. 
 
 
1Omitted by Ord. No. XXII of 1983, s.2. 
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Illustrations 
(a) A contracts to sell to B a piece of land consisting of 100 bighas. It turns out 
that 50 bighas of the land belong to A, and the other 50 bighas to a stranger, 
who refuses to part with them. A cannot obtain a decree against B for the 
specific performance of the contract; but if B is willing to pay the price agreed 
upon, and to take the 50 bighas which belong to A, waiving all right to 
compensation either for the deficiency or for loss sustained by him through 
A’s neglect or default, B is entitled to a decree directing A to convey those 50 
bighas to him on payment of the purchase­money. 
(b) A contracts to sell to B an estate with a house and garden for a lakh of rupees. 
The garden is important for the enjoyment of the house. It turns out that A is 
unable to convey the garden. A cannot obtain a decree against B for the 
specific performance of the contract, but if B is willing to pay the price agreed 
upon, and to take the estate and house without the garden, waiving all right to 
compensation either for the deficiency or for loss sustained by him through 
A’s neglect or default, B is entitled to a decree directing A to convey the house 
to him on payment of the purchase­money. 
 16. Specific performance of independent part of contract. When a part of a contract 
which, taken by itself, can and ought to be specifically performed, stands on a separate and 
independent footing from another part of the same contract which cannot or ought not to be 
specifically performed, the Court may direct specific performance of the former part. 
 17. Bar in other cases of specific performance of part of contract. The Court shall not 
direct the specific performance of a part of a contract except in cases coming under one or other of 
the three last preceding sections. 
 18. Purchaser’s rights against vendor with imperfect title. Where a person contracts to 
sell or let certain property, having only an imperfect title thereto, the purchaser or lessee (except as 
otherwise provided by this Chapter) has the following rights:__ 
(a) if the vendor or lessor has subsequently to the sale or lease acquired any 
interest in the property, the purchaser or lessee may compel him to make good 
the contract out of such interest; 
(b) where the concurrence of other persons is necessary to validate the title, and 
they are bound to convey at the vendor’s or lessor’s request, the purchaser or 
lessee may compel him to procure such concurrence; 
(c) where the vendor professes to sell unincumbered property, but the property is 
mortgaged for an amount not exceeding the purchase­money, and the vendor 
has in fact only a right to redeem it, the purchaser may compel him to redeem 
the mortgage and to obtain a conveyance from the mortgagee; 
(d) where the vendor or lessor sues for specific performance of the contract, and 
the suit is dismissed on the ground of his imperfect title, the defendant has a 
right to a return of his deposit (if any) with interest thereon, to his costs of the 
suit, and to a lien for such deposit, interest and costs on the interest of the 
vendor or lessor in the property agreed to be sold or let. 
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 19. Power to award compensation in certain cases. Any person suing for the specific 
performance of a contract may also ask for compensation for its breach, either in addition to, or in 
substitution for, such performance. 
 If in any such suit the Court decides that specific performance ought not to be granted, but 
that there is a contract between the parties which has been broken by the defendant and that the 
plaintiff is entitled to compensation for that breach, it shall award him compensation accordingly. 
 If in any such suit the Court decides that specific performance ought to be granted, but that it 
is not sufficient to satisfy the justice of the case, and that some compensation for breach of the 
contract should also be made to the plaintiff, it shall award him such compensation accordingly. 
 Compensation awarded under this section may be assessed in such manner as the Court may 
direct. 
Explanation.__ The circumstance that the contract has become incapable of specific 
performance does not preclude the Court from exercising the jurisdiction conferred by this section. 
Illustrations 
of the second paragraph___ 
 A contracts to sell a hundred maunds of rice to B. B brings a suit to compel A to perform the 
contract or to pay compensation. The Court is of opinion that A has made a valid contract and has 
broken it, without excuse, to the injury of B, but that specific performance is not the proper remedy. 
It shall award to B such compensation as it deems just. 
of the third paragraph___ 
 A contracts with B to sell him a house for Rs. 1,000, the price to be paid and the possession 
given on the 1st January 1877. A fails to perform his part of the contract, and B brings his suit for 
specific performance and compensation, which is decided in his favour on the 1st January, 1878. The 
decree may, besides ordering specific performance, award to B compensation for any loss which he 
has sustained by A’s refusal. 
of the Explanation___ 
 A, a purchaser, sues B, his vendor, for specific performance of a contract for the sale of a 
patent. Before the hearing of the suit the patent expires. The Court may award A compensation for 
the non­ performance of the contract, and may, if necessary, amend the plaint for that purpose. 
 A sues for the specific performance of a resolution passed by the Directors of a public 
company, under which he was entitled to have a certain number of shares allotted to him, and for 
compensation for the non­performance of the resolution. All the shares had been allotted before the 
institution of the suit. The Court may, under this section, award A compensation for the 
non­performance. 
 20. Liquidation of damages not a bar to specific performance. A contract, otherwise 
proper to be specifically enforced, may be thus enforced, though a sum be named in it as the amount 
to be paid in case of its breach, and the party in default is willing to pay the same. 
 
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Illustration 
 A contracts to grant B an under­lease of property held by A under C, and that he will apply to 
C for a license necessary to the validity of the under­lease, and that, if the license is not procured, A 
will pay B Rs. 10,000. A refuses to apply for the license and offers to pay B the Rs. 10,000. B is 
nevertheless entitled to have the contract specifically enforced if C consents to give the license. 
(b) Contracts which cannot be specifically enforced 
 21. Contracts not specifically enforceable. The following contracts cannot be specifically 
enforced:___ 
(a) a contract for the non­performance of which compensation in money is an 
adequate relief; 
(b) a contract which runs into such minute or numerous details, or which is so 
dependent on the personal qualifications or volition of the parties, or otherwise 
from its nature is such, that the Court cannot enforce specific performance of 
its material terms; 
(c) a contract the terms of which the Court cannot find with reasonable certainty; 
(d) a contract which is in its nature revocable; 
(e) a contract made by trustees either in excess of their powers or in breach of 
their trust; 
(f) a contract made by or on behalf of a corporation or public company created for 
special purposes, or by the promoters of such company, which is in excess of 
its powers; 
(g) a contract the performance of which involves the performance of a continuous 
duty extending over a longer period than three years from its date; 
(h) a contract of which a material part of the subject­matter, supposed by both 
parties to exist, has, before it has been made, ceased to exist. 
 And, save as provided by the 1[Arbitration Act, 1940 (X of 1940)], no contract to refer 
2[present or future differences] to arbitration shall be specifically enforced; 3but if any person who 
has made such a contract 4[other than an arbitration agreement to which the provisions of the said 
Act apply] and has refused to perform it sues in respect of any subject which he has contracted to 
refer, the existence of such contract shall bar the suit. 
  
1Subs. by the Arbitration Act,1940 (10 of 1940), s. 49 and IV Sch., (w.e.f. 1st July, 1940) for “Code of Civil Procedure, [and the Indian Arbitration Act, 
1899,]”. The words in brackets had been ins. by the Indian Arbitration Act, 1899 (9 of 1899), s. 21 (w.e.f. 1st July, 1899). 
2Subs. by Act, 9 of 1899, s. 21 for “a controversy”. 
3The last thirty­seven words of s. 21, do not apply to any submission or arbitration to which the provisions of the Indian Arb itration Act, 1899 (9 of 
1899), for the time being apply ( see s. 3 of that Act), or to a ny agreement to refer to arbitration or to any award to which Sch. II of the Code of Civil 
Procedure, 1908, applies, see para. 22 of that Schedule. 
4Ins. by Act 10 of 1940, s. 49 and IV Sch. 
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Illustrations 
to (a)___ 
 
A contracts to sell, and B contracts to buy, a lakh of rupees in the four per cent. loan of the 1[Federal 
Government]. 
 A contracts to sell, and B contracts to buy, 40 chests of indigo at Rs. 1,000 per chest: 
 In consideration of certain property having been transferred by A to B, B contracts to open a credit in 
A’s favour to the extent of Rs. 10,000, and to honour A’s drafts to that amount; 
 The above contracts cannot be specifically enforced, for in the first and second both A and B, and in 
the third A, would be reimbursed by compensation in money. 
to (b)___ 
 A contracts to render personal service to B: 
 A contracts to employ B on personal service: 
 A, an author, contracts with B, a publisher, to complete a litrary work:  
 B cannot enforce specific performance of these contracts. 
 A contracts to buy B’s business at the amount of a valuation to be made by two valuers, one to be 
named by A and the other by B. A and B each name a valuer, but before the valuation is made, A instructs his 
valuer not to proceed: 
 By a charter­party entered into in 2[Chittagong] between A, the owner of a ship, and B, the charterer, 
it is agreed that the ship shall proceed to 3[Karachi] and there load a cargo of rice, and thence proceed to 
London, freight to be paid, one­third on arrival at 3[Karachi], and two­thirds on delivery of the cargo in 
London: 
 A lets land to B and B contracts to cultivate it in a particular manner for three years next after the date 
of the lease: 
 A and B contract that, in consideration of annual advances to be made by A, B will for three years 
next after the date of the contract grow particular crops on the land in his possession and deliver them to A 
when cut and ready for delivery: 
 A contracts with B that, in consideration of Rs.1,000 to be paid to him by B, he will paint a picture for 
B : 
 A contracts with B to execute certain works which the Court cannot superintend: A contracts to 
supply B with all the goods of a certain class which B may require: 
 A contracts with B to take from B a lease of a certain house for a specified term, at a specified rent, "if 
the drawing­room is handsomely decorated," even if it is held to have so much certainty that compensation 
can be recovered for its breach: 
 
1Subs. by F.A.O., 1975, Art. 2, for “Central Government” (w.e.f . 28th July, 1975) which had been subs. by A. O.,1937, for “G. of I.”. 
2Subs. by the Central Laws (Statute Reform) Ordinance, 1960 (21 of 1960), s. 3 and 2nd Sch., for "Calcutta” (w.e.f. 14th October, 1955). 
3Subs. ibid., for “Rangoon” (w.e.f. 14th October, 1955). 
Page 16 of 35 
 
 
A contracts to marry B : 
 The above contracts cannot be specifically enforced. 
To (c)___ 
 A, the owner of a refreshment­room, contracts, with B to give him accommodation there for 
the sale of his goods and to furnish him with the necessary appliances. A refuses, to perform his 
contract. The case is one for compensation and not for specific performance, the amount and the 
nature of the accommodation and appliances being undefined. 
To (d)___ 
 A and B contract to become partners in a certain business, the contract not specifying the 
duration of the proposed partnership. This contract cannot be specifically performed, for, if it were so 
performed, either A or B might at once dissolve the partnership. 
to (e)___ 
 A is a trustee of land with power to lease it for seven years. He enters into a contract with B 
to grant a lease of the land for seven years, with a covenant to renew the lease at the expiry of the 
term. This contract cannot be specifically enforced. 
 The Directors of a company have power to sell the concern with the sanction of a general 
meeting of the shareholders. They contract to sell it without any such sanction. This contract cannot 
be specifically enforced. 
 Two trustees, A and B, empowered to sell trust­property worth a lakh of rupees, contract to 
sell it to C for Rs. 30,000. The contract is so disadvantageous as to be a breach of trust. C cannot 
enforce its specific performance. 
 The promoters of a company for working mines contract that the company, when formed, 
shall purchase certain mineral property. They take no proper precautions to ascertain the value of 
such property__ and in fact agree to pay an extravagant price therefor. They also stipulate that the 
vendors shall give them a bonus out of the purchase­money. This contract cannot be specifically 
enforced. 
to (f)___ 
 A company existing for the sole purpose of making and working a railway contract for the 
purchase of a piece of land for the purpose of erecting a cottonmill thereon. This contract cannot be 
specifically enforced. 
to (g)___ 
 A contracts to let for twenty­one years to B the right to use such part of a certain railway 
made by A as was upon B’s land, and that B should have a right of running carriages over the whole 
line on certain terms, and might require A to supply the necessary engine­power, and that A should 
during the term keep the whole railway in good repair. Specific performance of this contract must be 
refused to B. 
Page 17 of 35 
 
 
to (h)___ 
 A contracts to pay an annuity to B for the lives of C and D. It turns out that, at the date of the 
contract, C, though supposed by A and B to be alive, was dead. The contract cannot be specifically 
performed. 
(c) Of the Discretion of the Court 
 22. Discretion as to decreeing specific performance. The jurisdiction to decree specific 
performance is discretionary, and the Court is not bound to grant such relief merely because it is 
lawful to do so; but the discretion of the Court is not arbitrary but sound and reasonable, guided by 
judicial principles and capable of correction by a Court of appeal. 
 The following are cases in which the Court may properly exercise a discretion not to decree 
specific performance:___ 
 I. Where the circumstances under which the contract is made are such as to give the plaintiff 
an unfair advantage over the defendant, though there may be no fraud or misrepresentation on the 
plaintiff’s part. 
Illustrations 
(a) A, a tenant for life of certain property, assigns his interest therein to B. C 
contracts to buy, and B contracts to sell, that interest. Before the contract is 
completed, A receives a mortal injury from the effects of which he dies the 
day after the contract is executed. If B and C were equally ignorant or equally 
aware of the fact, B is entitled to specific performance of the contract. If B 
knew the fact, and C did not, specific performance of the contract should be 
refused to B. 
(b) A contracts to sell to B the interest of C in certain stock­in­trade. It is 
stipulated that the sale shall stand good, even though it should turn out that C’s 
interest is worth nothing. In fact, the value of C’s interest depends on the result 
of certain partnership­accounts, on which he is heavily in debt to his partners. 
This indebtedness is known to A, but not to B. Specific performance of the 
contract should be refused to A. 
(c) A contracts to sell, and B contracts to buy, certain land. To protect the land 
from floods, it is necessary for its owner to maintain an expensive 
embankment. B does not know of this circumstance, and A conceals it from 
him. Specific performance of the contract should be refused to A. 
(d) A’s property is put up to auction. B requests C, A’s attorney, to bid for him. C 
does this inadvertently and in good faith. The persons present, seeing the 
vendor’s attorney bidding, think that he is a mere puffer and cease to compete. 
The lot is knocked down to B at a low price. Specific performance of the 
contract should be refused to B. 
 II. Where the performance of the contract would involve some hardship on the defendant 
which he did not foresee, whereas its non­performance would involve no such hardship on the 
plaintiff. 
Page 18 of 35 
 
 
Illustrations 
 1*  *  *  *  *  *  * 
(f) A and B, trustees, join their beneficiary, C, in a contract to sell the trust­estate 
to D, and personally agree to exonerate the estate from heavy encumbrances to 
which it is subject. The purchase­money is not nearly enough to discharge 
those encumbrances, though, at the date of the contract, the vendors believed it 
to be sufficient. Specific performance of the contract should be refused to D. 
(g) A, the owner of an estate, contracts to sell it to B, and stipulates that he, A, 
shall not be obliged to define its boundary. The estate really comprises a 
valuable property, not known to either to be part of it. Specific performance of 
the contract should be refused to B unless he waives his claim to the unknown 
property. 
(h) A contracts with B to sell him certain land, and to make a road to it from a 
certain railway­station. It is found afterwards that A cannot make the road 
without exposing himself to litigation. Specific performance of the part of the 
contract relating to the road should be refused to B, even though it may be 
held that he is entitled to specific performance of the rest with compensation 
for loss of the road. 
(i) A, a lessee of mines, contracts with B, his lessor, that at any time during the 
continuance of the lease B may give notice of his desire to take the machinery 
and plant used in and about the mines, and that he shall have the articles 
specified in his notice delivered to him at a valuation on the expiry of the 
lease. Such a contract might be most injurious to the lessee’s business, and 
specific performance of it should be refused to B. 
(j) A contracts to buy certain la nd from B. The contract is silent as to access to 
the land. No right of way to it can be shown to exist. Specific performance of 
the contract should be refused to B. 
(k) A contracts with B to buy from B’s manufactory and not elsewhere all the 
goods of a certain class used by A in his trade. The Court cannot compel B to 
supply the goods, but if he does not supply them, A may be ruined unless he is 
allowed to buy them elsewhere. Specific performance of the contract should 
be refused to B. 
 The following is a case in which the Court may properly exercise a discretion to decree 
specific performance: 
 III. Where the plaintiff has done substantial acts or suffered losses in consequence of a 
contract capable of specific performance. 
 
 
1Omitted by Ord. XXII of 1983, s.3. 
 
  
Page 19 of 35 
 
 
Illustration 
 A sells land to a railway­company, who contract to execute certain works for his 
convenience. The company take the land and use it for their railway. Specific performance of the 
contract to execute the works should be decreed in favour of A. 
(d) For whom Contracts may be specifically enforced 
 23. Who may obtain specific performance. Except as otherwise provided by this Chapter, 
the specific performance of a contract may be obtained by___ 
(a) any party thereto; 
(b) the representative in interest, or the principal, of any party thereto: provided 
that, where the learning, skill, solvency or any personal quality of such party is 
a material ingredient in the contract, or where the contract provides that his 
interest shall not be assigned, his representative in interest or his principal 
shall not be entitled to specific performance of the contract, unless where his 
part thereof has already been performed; 
(c)  where the contract is a settlement on marriage, or a compromise of doubtful 
rights between members of the same family, any person beneficially entitled 
there under; 
(d)  where the contract has been entered into by a tenant for life in due exercise of 
a power, the remainder man; 
(e) a reversioner in possession, where the agreement is a covenant entered into 
with his predecessor in title and the reversioner is entitled to the benefit of 
such covenant; 
(f) a reversioner in remainder, where the agreement is such a covenant, and the 
reversioner is entitled to the benefit thereof and will sustain material injury by 
reason of its breach; 
(g) when a public company has entered into a contract and subsequently becomes 
amalgamated with another public company, the new company which arises out 
of the amalgamation; 
(h) when the promoters of a public company have, before its incorporation, 
entered into a contract for the purposes of the company, and such contract is 
warranted by the terms of the incorporation, the company. 
(e) For whom Contracts cannot be specifically enforced. 
 24. Personal bars to the relief. Specific performance of a contract cannot be enforced in 
favour of a person__ 
(a)  who could not recover compensation for its breach; 
 
Page 20 of 35 
 
 
(b) who has become incapable of performing, or violates, any essential term of the 
contract that on his part remains to be performed; 
(c) who has already chosen his remedy and obtained satisfaction for the alleged 
breach of contract; or 
(d)  who, previously to the contract, had notice that a settlement of the 
subject­matter thereof (though not founded on any valuable consideration) had 
been made and was then in force. 
Illustrations 
to clause (a)___ 
 A, in the character of agent for B, enters into an agreement with C to buy C’s house. A is in 
reality acting, not as agent for B, but on his own account. A cannot enforce specific performance of 
this contract. 
to clause (b) 
 A contracts to sell B a house and to become tenant thereof for a term of fourteen years from 
the date of the sale at a specified yearly rent. A becomes insolvent. Neither he nor his assignee can 
enforce specific performance of the contract. 
 A contracts to sell B a house and garden in which there are ornamental trees, a material 
element in the value of the property as a residence. A, without B’s consent, fells the trees. A cannot 
enforce specific performance of the contract. 
 A, holding land under a contract with B for a lease, commits waste, or treats the land in an 
unhusband like manner. A cannot enforce specific performance of the contract. 
 A contracts to let, and B contracts to take, an unfinished house, B contracting to finish the 
house and the lease to contain covenants on the part of A to keep the house in repair. B finishes the 
house in a very defective manner: he cannot enforce the contract specifically, though A and B may 
sue each other for compensation for breach of it. 
to clause (c) 
 A contracts to let, and B contracts to take, a house for a specified term at a specified rent. B 
refuses to perform the contract. A thereupon sues for, and obtains, compensation for the breach. A 
cannot obtain specific performance of the contract. 
 25. Contracts to sell property by one who has no title or who is a voluntary settler. A 
contract for the sale or letting of property, whether moveable or immoveable, cannot be specifically 
enforced in favour of a vendor or lessor– 
(a) who, knowing himself not to have any title to the property, has contracted to 
sell or let the same; 
(b) who, though he entered into the contract believing that he had a good title to 
the property, cannot, at the time fixed by the parties or by the Court for the 
completion of the sale or letting, give the purchaser or lessee a title free from 
Page 21 of 35 
 
 
reasonable doubt; 
(c) who, previous to entering into the contract, has made settlement (though not 
founded on any valuable consideration) of the subject­matter of the contract. 
Illustrations 
(a) A, without C’s authority, contracts to sell to B an estate which A knows to 
belong to C. A cannot enforce specific performance of this contract, even 
though C is willing to confirm. 
(b) A bequeaths his land to trustees declaring that they may sell it with the consent 
in writing of B. B gives a general prospective assent in writing to any sale 
which the trustees may make. The trustees then enter into a contract with C to 
sell him the land. C refuses to carry out the contract. The trustees cannot 
specifically enforce this contract, as in the absence of B’s consent to the 
particular sale to C, the title which they can give C is, as the law stands, not 
free from reasonable doubt. 
(c) A, being in possession of certain land, contracts to sell it to Z. On inquiry it 
turns out that A claims the land as heir of B, who left the country several years 
before, and is generally believed to be dead, but of whose death there is no 
sufficient proof. A cannot compel Z specifically to perform the contract. 
(d) A, out of natural love and affection, makes a settlement of certain property on 
his brothers and their issue, and afterwards enters into a contract to sell the 
property to a stranger. A cannot enforce specific performance of this contract 
so as to override the settlement, and thus prejudice the interests of the persons 
claiming under it. 
(f) For whom Contracts cannot be specifically enforced, except with a Variation 
 26. Non enforcement except with variation. Where a plaintiff seeks specific performance of 
a contract in writing, to which the defendant sets up a variation, the plaintiff cannot obtain the 
performance sought, except with the variation so set up, in the following cases (namely):__ 
(a) where by fraud or mistake of fact the contract of which performance is sought 
is in terms different from that which the defendant supposed it to be when he 
entered into it ; 
(b)  where by fraud, mistake of fact, or surprise the defendant entered into the 
contract under a reasonable misapprehension as to its effect as between 
himself and the plaintiff ; 
(c) where the defendant, knowing the terms of the contract and understanding its 
effect, has entered into it relying upon some misrepresentation by the plaintiff, 
or upon some stipulation on the plaintiff’s part, which adds to the contract, but 
which he refuses to fulfill ; 
(d) where the object of the parties was to produce a certain legal result, which the 
contract as framed is not calculated to produce; 
Page 22 of 35 
 
 
(e) where the parties have, subsequently to the execution of the contract, 
contracted to vary it. 
Illustrations 
(a) A, B and C sign a writing by which they purport to contract each to enter into 
a bond to D for Rs. 1,000. In a suit by D, to make A, B and C separately liable 
each to the extent of Rs. 1,000, they prove that the word “each” was inserted 
by mistake; that the intention was that they should give a joint bond for Rs. 
1,000. D can obtain the performance sought only with the variation thus set 
up. 
(b) A sues B to compel specific performance of a contract in writing to buy a 
dwelling­house. B proves that he assumed that the contract included an 
adjoining yard, and the contract was so framed as to leave it doubtful whether 
the yard was so included or not. The Court will refuse to enforce the contract, 
except with the variation set up by B. 
(c) A contracts in writing to let to B a wharf, together with a strip of A’s land 
delineated in a map. Before signing the contract, B proposed orally that he 
should be at liberty to substitute for the strip mentioned in the contract another 
strip of A’s land of the same dimensions, and to this A expressly assented. B 
then signed the written contract. A cannot obtain specific performance of the 
written contract, except with the variation set up by B. 
(d) A and B enter into negotiations for the purpose of securing land for B for his 
life, with remainder to his issue. They execute a contract, the terms of which 
are found to confer an absolute ownership on B. The contract so framed 
cannot be specifically enforced. 
(e) A contracts in writing to let a house to B, for a certain term, at the rent of Rs. 
100 per month, putting it first into tenantable repair. The house turns out to be 
not worth repairing, so, with B’s consent, A pulls it down and erects a new 
house in its place: B contracting orally to pay rent at Rs. 120 per mensum. B 
then sues to enforce specific performance of the contract in writing. He cannot 
enforce it except with the variations made by the subsequent oral contract. 
(g) Against whom contracts may be specifically enforced. 
27. Relief against parties and persons claiming under them by subsequent title. Except as 
otherwise provided by this Chapter, specific performance of a contract may be enforced against___ 
(a) either party thereto; 
(b) any other person claiming under him by a title arising subsequently to the 
contract, except a transferee for value who has paid his money in good faith 
and without notice of the original contract; 
(c) any person claiming under a title which, though prior to the contract and 
known to the plaintiff, might have been displaced by the defendant; 
(d) when a public company has entered into a contract and subsequently becomes 
Page 23 of 35 
 
 
amalgamated with another public company, the new company which arises out 
of the amalgamation; 
(e) when the promoters of a public company have, before its incorporation, 
entered into a contract, the company: provided that the company has ratified 
and adopted the contract and the contract is warranted by the terms of the 
incorporation. 
Illustrations 
to clause (b)___ 
 A contracts to convey certain land to B by a particular day, A dies intestate before that day 
without having conveyed the land. B may compel A’s heir or other representative in interest to 
perform the contract specifically. 
 A contracts to sell certain land to B for Rs. 5,000. A afterwards conveys the land for Rs. 
6,000 to C, who has notice of the original contract. B may enforce specific performance of the 
contract as against C. 
 A contracts to sell land to B for Rs. 5,000. B takes possession of the land. Afterwards A sells 
it to C for Rs. 6,000. C makes no inquiry of B relating to his interest in the land. B’s possession is 
sufficient to affect C with notice of his interest, and he may enforce specific performance of the 
contract against C. 
 A contracts, in consideration of Rs. 1,000, to bequeath certain of his lands to B. Immediately 
after the contract A dies intestate, and C takes out administration to his estate. B may enforce 
specific performance of the contract against C. 
 A contracts to sell certain land to B. Before the completion of the contract, A becomes a 
lunatic and C is appointed his committee. B may specifically enforce the contract against C. 
to clause (c)___ 
 A, the tenant for life of an estate, with remainder to B, in due exercise of a power conferred 
by the settlement under which he is tenant for life, contracts to sell the estate to C, who has notice of 
the settlement. Before the sale is completed, A dies. C may enforce specific performance of the 
contract against B. 
 A and B are joint tenants of land, his undivided moiety of which either may alien in his 
lifetime, but which, subject to that right, devolves on the survivor. A contracts to sell his moiety to C 
and dies. C may enforce specific performance of the contract against B. 
 1[27A. Specific performance in case of part performance of contract to lease.  Subject to 
the provisions of this Chapter, where a contract to lease immoveable property is made in writing 
signed by the parties thereto or on their behalf, either party may, notwithstanding that the contract, 
though required to be registered, has not be en registered, sue the other for specific performance of 
the contract if,___ 
 
1S. 27A ins. by the Transfer of Property (Amdt.) Supplementary Act, 1929 (21 of 1929), s. 3 (w.e.f. 1st April, 1930). 
  
Page 24 of 35 
 
 
(a) where specific performance is claimed by the lessor, he has delivered 
possession of the property to the lessee in part performance of the contract; 
and 
(b) where specific performance is claimed by the lessee, he has, in part 
performance of the contract, taken possession of the property, or, being 
already in possession, continues in possession in part performance of the 
contract, and has done some act in furtherance of the contract: 
 Provided that nothing in this section shall affect the rights of a transferee for consideration 
who has no notice of the contract or of the part performance thereof. 
 This section applies to contracts to lease executed after the first day of April, 1930.] 
(h) Against whom Contracts cannot be specifically enforced 
 28. What parties cannot be compelled to perform. Specific performance of a contract 
cannot be enforced against a party thereto in any of the following cases:__ 
(a) if the consideration to be received by him is so grossly inadequate, with 
reference to the state of things existing at the date of the contract, as to be 
either by itself or coupled with other circumstances evidence of fraud or of 
undue advantage taken by the plaintiff ; 
 (b) if his assent was obtained by the misrepresentation (whether willful or 
innocent), concealment, circumvention or unfair practices, of any party to 
whom performance would become due under the contract, or by any promise 
of such party which has not been substantially fulfilled; 
(c) if his assent was given under the influence of mistake of fact, misapprehension 
or surprise: Provided that, when the contract provides for compensation in 
case of mistake, compensation may be made for a mistake within the scope of 
such provision, and the contract may be specifically enforced in other respects 
if proper to be so enforced. 
Illustrations  
to clause (c)___ 
 A, one of two executors, in the erroneous belief that he had the authority of his co­executor, 
enters into an agreement for the sale to B of his testator’s property. B cannot insist on the sale being 
completed. 
 A directs an auctioneer to sell certain land. A afterwards revokes the auctioneer’s authority as 
to 20 bighas of this land, but the auctioneer inadvertently sells the whole to B, who has not notice of 
the revocation. B cannot enforce specific performance of the agreement. 
(i) The effect of dismissing a Suit for Specific Performance 
 29. Bar of suit for breach after dismissal. The dismissal of a suit for specific performance 
of a contract or part thereof shall bar the plaintiff’s right to sue for compensation for the breach of 
such contract or part, as the case may be. 
Page 25 of 35 
 
 
 
(j) Awards and Directions to execute Settlements 
 30. Application of preceding sections to awards and testamentary directions to execute 
settlements. The provisions of this Chapter as to contracts shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to awards 
and to directions in a will or codicil to execute a particular settlement. 
___________ 
CHAPTER III 
OF THE RECTIFICATION OF INSTRUMENT 
 31. When instrument may be rectified. When, through fraud or a mutual mistake of the 
parties, a contract or other instrument in writing does not truly express their intention, either party, or 
his representative in interest, may institute a suit to have the instrument rectified; and if the Court 
find it clearly proved that there has been fraud or mistake in framing the instrument, and ascertain the 
real intention of the parties in executing the same, the Court may in its discretion rectify the 
instrument so as to express that intention, so far as this can be done without prejudice to rights 
acquired by third persons in good faith and for value. 
Illustrations 
(a)  A, intending to sell to B his house and one of three godowns adjacent to it, 
executes a conveyance prepared by B, in which, through B’s fraud, all three 
godowns are included. Of the two godowns which were fraudulently included, 
B gives one to C and lets the other to D for a rent, neither C nor D having any 
knowledge of the fraud. The conveyance may, as against B and C, be rectified 
so as to exclude from it the godown given to C; but it cannot be rectified so as 
to affect D’s lease. 
(b) By a marriage settlement, A, the father of B, the intended wife, covenants with 
C, the intended husband, to pay to C, his executors, administrators and 
assigns, during A’s life, an annuity of Rs. 5,000. C dies insolvent and the 
official assignee claims the annuity from A. The Court, on finding it clearly 
proved that the parties always intended that this annuity should be paid as a 
provision for B and her children, may rectify the settlement and decree that the 
assignee has no right to any Part of the annuity. 
 32. Presumption as to intent of parties. For the purpose of rectifying a contract in writing, 
the Court must be satisfied that all the parties thereto intended to make an equitable and 
conscientious agreement. 
 33. Principles of rectification. In rectifying a written instrument, the Court may inquire what 
the instrument was intended to mean, and what were intended to be its legal consequences, and is not 
confined to the inquiry what the language of the instrument was intended to be. 
 34. Specific enforcement of rectified contract. A contract in writing may be first rectified 
and then, if the plaintiff has so prayed in his plaint and the Court thinks fit, specifically enforced. 
 
Page 26 of 35 
 
 
Illustration 
 A contracts in writing to pay his attorney, B, a fixed sum in lieu of costs. The contract 
contains mistakes as to the name and rights of the client, which, if construed strictly, would exclude 
B from all rights under it. B is entitled, if the Court thinks fit, to have it rectified, and to an order for 
payment of the sum, as if at the time of its execution it had expressed the intention of the parties. 
____________ 
CHAPTER IV 
OF THE RESCISSION OF CONTRACTS 
 35. When rescission may be adjudged. Any person interested in a contract in writing 1may 
sue to have it rescinded, and such rescission may be adjudged by the Court in any of the following 
cases, namely:__ 
(a)  where the contract is voidable or terminable by the plaintiff ; 
(b)  where the contract is unlawful for causes not apparent on its face, and the 
defendant is more to blame than the plaintiff ; 
(c) where a decree for specific performance of a contract of sale, or of a contract 
to take a lease, has been made, and the purchaser or lessee makes default in 
payment of the purchase­money or other sums which the Court has ordered 
him to pay. 
 When the purchaser or lessee is in possession of the subject­matter, and the Court finds that 
such possession is wrongful, the Court may also order him to pay to the vendor or lessor the rents 
and profits, if any, received by him as such possessor. 
 In the same case, the Court may, by order in the suit in which the decree has been made and 
not complied with, rescind the contract, either so far as regards the party in default, or altogether as 
the justice of the case may require. 
Illustrations  
to (a)___ 
 A sells a field to B. There is a right of way over the field of which A has direct personal 
knowledge, but which he conceals from B. B is entitled to have the contract rescinded. 
to (b)___ 
 A, an attorney, induces his client B, a Hindu widow, to transfer property to him, for the 
purpose of defrauding B’s creditors. Here the parties are not equally in fault, and B is entitled to have 
the instrument of transfer rescinded. 
 
 
1The words “in writing” are rep. wherever the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882), is in force, see ss. 1 and 2 of that Act. 
Page 27 of 35 
 
 
 36. Rescission for mistake. Rescission of a contract in writing1 cannot be adjudged for mere 
mistake, unless the party against whom it is adjudged can be restored to substantially the same 
position as if the contract had not been made. 
 37. Alternative prayer for rescission in suit for specific performance. A plaintiff 
instituting a suit for the specific performance of a contract in writing may pray in the alternative that, 
if the contract cannot be specifically enforced, it may be rescinded and delivered up to be cancelled; 
and the Court, if it refuses to enforce the contract specifically, may direct it to be rescinded and 
delivered up accordingly. 
 38. Court may require party rescinding to do equity. On adjudging the rescission of a 
contract, the Court may require the party to whom such relief is granted to make any compensation 
to the other which justice may require. 
___________ 
CHAPTER V 
OF THE CANCELLATION OF INSTRUMENTS 
 39. When cancellation may be ordered. Any person against whom a written instrument is 
void or voidable, who has reasonable apprehension that such instrument, if left outstanding, may 
cause him serious injury, may sue to have it adjudged void or voidable; and the Court may, in its 
discretion, so adjudge it and order it to be delivered up and cancelled. 
 If the instrument has been registered under the Indian Registration Act2, the Court shall also 
send a copy of its decree to the officer in whose office the instrument has been so registered; and 
such officer shall note on the copy of the instrument contained in his books the fact of its 
cancellation. 
Illustrations 
(a) A, the owner of a ship by fraudulently representing her to be seaworthy, 
induces B, an underwriter, to insure her. B may obtain the cancellation of the 
policy. 
(b) A conveys land to B, who bequeaths it to C and dies. Thereupon D gets 
possession of the land and produces a forged instrument stating that the 
conveyance was made to B in trust for him. C may obtain the cancellation of 
the forged instrument. 
(c) A, representing that the tenants on his land were all at will, sells it to B, and 
conveys it to him by an instrument, dated the 1st January 1877. Soon after that 
day, A fraudulently grants to C a lease of part of the lands, dated the 1st 
October, 1876, and procures the lease to be registered under the Indian 
Registration Act.3 B may obtain the cancellation of this lease. 
 
 
1The words “in writing” are rep. wherever the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882), is in force, see ss. 1 and 2 of that Act. 
2See now the Registration Act, 1908 (16 of 1908). 
3See now the Registration Act, 1908 (16 of 1908). 
Page 28 of 35 
 
 
(d) A agrees to sell and deliver a ship to B, to be paid for by B’s acceptances of four 
bills of exchange, for sums amounting to Rs, 30,000 to be drawn by A on B. The 
bills are drawn and accepted, but the ship is not delivered according to the 
agreement. A sues B on one of the bills, B may obtain the cancellation of all the 
bills. 
 40. What instruments may be partially cancelled. Where an instrument is evidence of different 
rights or different obligations, the Court may, in a proper case, cancel it in part and allow it to stand for 
the residue. 
Illustration 
A draws a bill on B, who endorses it to C, by whom it appears to be endorsed to D, who endorses it to E. 
C’s endorsement is forged. C is entitled to have such endorsement cancelled, leaving the bill to stand in 
other respects. 
 41. Power to require party for whom instrument is cancelled to make compensation. On 
adjudging the cancellation of an instrument, the Court may require the party to whom such relief is 
granted to make any compensation to the other which justice may require. 
_________ 
CHAPTER VI 
OF DECLARATORY DECREES 
  1[42. Discretion of Court as to declaration of status or right.— (1) Any person entitled 
to any character, or any right to any property, may institute a suit against any person denying, or 
interested to deny, his title to such character or right, and the Court may in its discretion make therein a 
declaration that he is so entitled and the plaintiff need not in such suit ask for any further relief: 
Provided that no Court shall make any such declaration where the plaintiff, being able to seek 
further relief than a mere declaration of title, omits to do so. 
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, a suit 
filed under sub-section (1) shall be decided by the Court within six months and the appellate court shall 
decide the appeal not later than ninety days, as the case may be.] 
 43. Effect of declaration. A declaration made under this Chapter is binding only on the parties to 
the suit, persons claiming through them respectively, and, where any of the parties are trustees, on the 
persons for whom, if in existence at the date of the declaration, such parties would be trustees. 
Illustration 
 A, a Hindu, in a suit to which B, his alleged wife, and her mother, are defendants, seeks a 
declaration that his marriage was duly solemnized and an order for the restitution of his conjugal  rights. 
The Court makes the declaration and order. C, claiming that B is his wife, then sues A for the recovery of 
B. The declaration made in the former suit is not binding upon C. 
 
1Subs., by Act XXXIII of 2023, s.2.  
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CHAPTER VII 
OF THE APPOINTMENT OF RECEIVERS 
 44. Appointment of receivers discretionary. The appointment of a receiver pending a suit is a 
matter resting in the discretion of the Court. 
 Reference to Code of Civil Procedure. The mode and effect of his appointment, and his rights, 
powers duties and liabilities, are regulated by the Code of Civil Procedure1. 
CHAPTER VIII. ____ [Of the Enforcement of Public Duties.] Omitted by the Federal Laws 
(Revision and Declaration ) Ordinance, 1981 (XXVII of 1981), s. 3 and IInd Sch. 
PART III 
Of Preventive Relief 
___________ 
CHAPTER IX 
OF INJUNCTIONS GENERALLY 
 52. Preventive relief how granted. Preventive relief is granted at the discretion of the Court by 
injunction, temporary or perpetual. 
 53. Temporary injunctions. Temporary injunctions are such as are to continue until a specified 
time, or until the further order of the Court. They may be granted at any period of a suit, and are regulated 
by the 2[Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act V of 1908).] 
 Perpetual Injunctions. A perpetual injunction can only be granted by the decree made at the 
hearing and upon the merits of the suit: the defendant is thereby perpetually enjoined from the assertion 
of a right, or from the commission of an act, which would be contrary to the rights of the plaintiff. 
_____________ 
CHAPTER X 
OF PERPETUAL INJUNCTIONS 
 54. Perpetual injunctions when granted. Subject to the other provisions contained in, or 
referred to by, this Chapter, a perpetual injunction may be granted to prevent the breach of an obligation 
existing in favour of the applicant, whether expressly or by implication. 
 When such obligation arises from contract, the Court shall be guided by the rules and provisions 
contained in Chapter II of this Act. 
 When the defendant invades or threatens to invade the plaintiff’s right to, or enjoyment of, 
property, the Court may grant a perpetual injunction in the following cases (namely):__ 
(a) where the defendant is trustee of the property for the plaintiff ; 
 
1See now the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act 5 of 1908). 
2Subs. by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Ordinance, 1981 (27 of 1981), s. 3 and 2nd Sch., for “Code of Civil Procedure”. 
Page 30 of 35 
 
 
(b) where there exists no standard for ascertaining the actual damage caused, or 
likely to be caused, by the invasion; 
(c) where the invasion is such that pecuniary compensation would not afford 
adequate relief; 
(d) where it is probable that pecuniary compensation can not be got for the 
invasion; 
(e) where the injunction is necessary to prevent a multiplicity of judicial 
proceedings. 
Explanation.___ For the purpose of this section a trademark is property . 
Illustrations 
(a) A lets certain lands to B and B contracts not to dig sand or gravel thereout. A 
may sue for an injunction to restrain B from digging in violation of his 
contract. 
(b) A trustee threatens a breach of trust. His co­trustees, if any, should, and the 
beneficial owners may, sue for an injunction to prevent the breach. 
(c) The directors of a public company are about to pay a dividend 1out of capital 
or borrowed money. Any of the shareholders may sue for an injunction to 
restrain them. 
(d) The directors of a fire and life­insurance company are about to engage in 
marine insurances. Any of the shareholders may sue for an injunction to 
restrain them. 
(e) A, an executor, through misconduct or insolvency, is bringing the property of 
the deceased into danger. The Court may grant an injunction to restrain him 
from getting in the assets. 
(f) A, a trustee for B, is about to make an imprudent sale of a small part of the 
trust­property. B may sue for an injunction to restrain the sale, even though 
compensation in money would have afforded him adequate relief. 
(g) A makes a settlement (not founded on marriage or other valuable 
consideration) of an estate on B and his children. A then contracts to sell the 
estate to C. B or any of his children may sue for an injunction to restrain the 
sale. 
(h) In the course of A’s employment as a vakil, certain papers belonging to his 
client, B, come into his possession. A threatens to make these papers public, or 
to communicate their contents to a stranger. B may sue for an injunction to 
restrain A from so doing. 
 
 
1A Railway Company may, however, pay interest on its paid­up share capital out of capital, for a certain period and subject to  certain restrictions and 
conditions: see the Indian Railway Companies Act, 1895 (10 of 1895), s.3. 
Page 31 of 35 
 
 
(i) A is B’s medical adviser. He demands money of B which B declines to pay. A 
then threatens to make known the effect of B’s communications to him as a 
patient. This is contrary to A’s duty, and B may sue for an injunction to 
restrain him from so doing. 
(j) A, the owner of two adjoining houses, lets one to B and afterwards lets the 
other to C. A and C begin to make such alterations in the house let to C as will 
prevent the comfortable enjoyment of the house let to B. B may sue for an 
injunction to restrain them from so doing. 
(k) A lets certain arable lands to B for purposes of husbandry, but without any 
express contract as to the mode of cultivation. Contrary to the mode of 
cultivation customary in the district, B threatens to sow the lands with seed 
injurious thereto and requiring many years to eradicate. A may sue for an 
injunction to restrain B from sowing the lands in contravention of his implied 
contract to use them in a husband like manner. 
(l) A, B and C are partners, the partnership being determinable at will. A 
threatens to do an act tending to the destruction of the partnership­property. B 
and C may, without seeking a dissolution of the partnership, sue for an 
injunction to restrain A from doing the act. 
(m) A, a Hindu widow in possession of her deceased husband’s property, commits 
destruction of the property without any cause sufficient to justify her in so 
doing. The heir­expectant may sue for an injunction to restrain her. 
(n) A, B and C are members of an undivided Hindu family. A cuts timber growing 
on the family­property, and threatens to destroy part of the family­house and 
to sell some of the family­utensils. B and C may sue for an injunction to 
restrain him. 
(o) A, the owner of certain houses in 1[Karachi], becomes insolvent B buys them 
from the Official Assignee and enters into possession. A persists in trespassing 
on and damaging the houses, and B is thereby compelled, at considerable 
expense, to employ men to protect the possession. B may sue for an injunction 
to restrain further acts of trespass. 
(p) The inhabitants of a village claim a right of way over A’s land. In a suit 
against several of them, A obtains a declaratory decree that his land is subject 
to no such right. Afterwards each of the other villagers sues A for obstructing 
his alleged right of way over the land. A may sue for an injunction to restrain 
them. 
(q) A, in an administration­suit to which a creditor, B, is not a party, obtains a 
decree for the administration of C’s assets. B proceeds against C’s estate for 
his debt. A may sue for an injunction to restrain B. 
 
 
lSubs. by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Ordinance, 1981 (27 of 1981), s. 3 and 2nd Sch., for “Chittagong” which was subs. by the 
Central Laws (Statute Reform) Ordinance, 1960 (21 of 1960), s. 3 and 2nd Sch., for “Calcutta” (w.e.f. 14th October, 1955). 
 
Page 32 of 35 
 
 
(r) A and B are in possession of contiguous lands and of the mines underneath 
them1. A works his mine so as to extend under B’s mine and threatens to 
remove certain pillars which help to support B’s mi ne. B may sue for an 
injunction to restrain him from so doing. 
(s) A rings bells or makes some other unnecessary noise so near a house as to 
interfere materially and unreasonably with the physical comfort of the 
occupier, B . B may sue for an injunction restraining A from making the noise. 
(t) A pollutes the air with smoke so as to interfere materially with the physical 
comfort of B and C, who carry on business in a neighbouring house. B and C 
may sue for an injunction to restrain the pollution. 
(u) A infringes B’s patent. If the Court is satisfied that the patent is valid and has 
been infringed, B may obtain an injunction to restrain the infringement. 
(v) A pirates B’s copyright. B may obtain an injunction to restrain the piracy, 
unless the work of which copyright is claimed is libellous or obscene. 
(w) A improperly uses the trademark of B. B may obtain an injunction to restrain 
the user, provided that B’s use of the trademark is honest. 
(x) A, a tradesman, holds out B as his partner against the wish and without the 
authority of B. B may sue for an injunction to restrain A from so doing. 
(y) A, a very eminent man, writes letters on family­topics to B. After the death of 
A and B, C who is B’s residuary legatee, proposes to make money by 
publishing A’s letters. D, who is A’s executor, has a prosperity in the letters, 
and may sue for an injunction to restrain C from publishing them. 
(z) A carries on a manufactory and B is his assistant. In the course of his business, 
A imparts to B a secret process of value. B afterwards demands money of A, 
threatening, in case of refusal, to disclose the process to C, a rival 
manufacturer. A may sue for an injunction to restrain B from disclosing the 
process.  
 55. Mandatory injunction.  When, to prevent the breach of an obligation, it is necessary to 
compel the performance of certain acts which the Court is capable of enforcing, the Court may in its 
discretion grant an injunction to prevent the breach complained of, and also to compel pe rformance 
of the requisite acts. 
Illustrations 
(a) A, by new buildings, obstructs lights to the access and use of which B has 
acquired a right under the 2[Limitation Act, 1908 (IX of 1908)] Part IV. B may 
obtain an injunction, not only to restrain A from going on with the buildings, 
but also to pull down so much of them as obstructs B’s lights. 
 
1As to the working of mines under land, the surface of which has been acquired by Government, see the Land Acquisition (Mines) Act, 1885 (18 of 
1885). 
2Subs. by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Ordinance, 1981 (27 of 1981), s. 3 and 2nd Sch., for “Indian Limitation Act”. 
Page 33 of 35 
 
 
(b) A builds a house with eaves projecting over B’s land. B may sue for an 
injunction to pull down so much of the eaves as so project. 
(c) In the case put as illustration (i) to section 54, the Court may also order all 
written communications made by B, as patient, to A, as medical adviser, to be 
destroyed. 
(d) In the case put as illustration (y) to section 54, the Court may also order A’s 
letters to be destroyed. 
(e) A threatens to publish statements concerning B which would be punishable 
under Chapter XXI of the Pakistan Penal Code (XLV of 1860). The Court may 
grant an injunction to restrain the publication, even though it may be shown 
not to be injurious to B’s property. 
(f) A, being B’s medical adviser, threatens to publish B’s written communications 
with him, showing that B has led an immoral life. B may obtain an injunction 
to restrain the publication. 
(g) In the cases put as illustrations (v) and (w) to section 54 and in illustrations (e) 
and (f) to this section, the Court may also order the copies produced by piracy, 
and the trade­marks, statements and communications, therein respectively 
mentioned, to be given up or destroyed. 
 56. Injunction when refused. An injunction cannot be granted__ 
(a)  to stay a judicial proceeding pending at the institution of the suit in which the 
injunction is sought, unless such restraint is necessary to prevent a multiplicity 
of proceedings; 
(b) to stay proceedings in a Court not subordinate to that from which the 
injunction is sought; 
(c) to restraint persons from applying to any legislative body; 
(d) to interfere with the public duties of any department of 1[the 2[Federal 
Government], 3* * * or any Provincial Government], or with the sovereign 
acts of a Foreign Government; 
(e) to stay proceedings in any criminal matter; 
(f) to prevent the breach of a contract the performance of which would not be 
specifically enforced; 
(g) to prevent, on the ground of nuisance, an act of which it is not reasonably clear 
that it will be a nuisance; 
 
1Subs. by A. O.,1937 for “the G. of I. or the L.G.”. (w.e.f.1st April, 1937). 
2Subs. by F. A. O., 1975, Art. 2, for “Central Government” (w.e.f. 28th July, 1975). 
3The words “the Crown Representative” omitted by A. O., 1949, Sch., (w.e.f. 28th March, 1949). 
  
Page 34 of 35 
 
 
 (h) to prevent a continuing breach in which the applicant has acquiesced; 
(i) when equally efficacious relief can certainly be obtained by any other usual 
mode of proceeding except in case of breach of trust; 
(j) when the conduct of the applicant or his agents has been such as to disentitle 
him to the assistance of the Court; 
(k) where the applicant has no personal interest in the matter. 
Illustrations 
(a) A seeks an injunction to restrain his partner, B, from receiving the 
partnership­debts and effects. It appears that A had improperly possessed 
himself of the books of the firm and refused B access to them. The Court will 
refuse the injunction. 
(b) A manufactures and sells crucibles, designating them as “patent plum­bago 
crucibles,” though, in fact, they have never been patented. B pirates the 
designation. A cannot obtain an injunction to restrain the piracy. 
(c) A sells an article called “Mexican Balm,” stating that it is compounded of 
divers rare essences, and has sovereign medicinal qualities. B commences to 
sell a similar article to which he gives a name and description such as to lead 
people into the belief that they are buying A’s Mexican Balm. A sues B for an 
injunction to restrain the sale. B shows that A’s Mexican Balm consists of 
nothing but scented hog’s lard. A’s use of his description is not an honest one 
and he cannot obtain an injunction. 
 57. Injunction to perform negative agreement. Notwithstanding section 56, clause (f), 
where a contract comprises an affirmative agreement to do a certain act, coupled with a negative 
agreement, express or implied, not to do a certain act, the circumstance that the Court is unable to 
compel specific performance of the affirmative agreement shall not preclude it from granting an 
injunction to perform the negative agreement: provided that the applicant has not failed to perform 
the contract so far as it is binding on him. 
Illustrations 
(a) A contracts to sell to B for Rs.1,000 the good­will of a certain business 
unconnected with business­premises, and further agrees not to carry on that 
business in 1[Karachi]. B pays A the Rs. 1,000 but A carries on the business in 
1[Karachi]. The Court cannot compel A to send his customers to B, but B may 
obtain an injunction restraining A from carrying on the business in 1[Karachi]. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1Subs. by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Ordinance, 1981 (27 of 1981) s. 3 and 2nd Sch., for “Chittagong” which w as subs. by the 
Central Laws (Statute Reform) Ordinance, 1960 (21 of 1960), s. 3 and 2nd Sch., for “Calcutta” (w.e.f. 14th October, 1955). 
 
Page 35 of 35  
(b) A contracts to sell to B the good­will of a business. A then sets up a similar 
business close by B’s shop and solicits his old customers to deal with him. 
This is contrary to his implied contract, and B may obtain an injunction to 
restrain A from soliciting the customers, and from doing any act whereby their 
good­will may be withdrawn from B. 
(c) A contracts with B to sing for twelve months at B’s theatre and not to sing in 
public elsewhere. B cannot obtain specific performance of the contract to sing, 
but he is entitled to an injunction restraining A from singing at any other place 
of public entertainment. 
(d) B contracts with A that he will serve him faithfully for twelve months as a 
clerk. A is not entitled to a decree for specific performance of the contract. But 
he is entitled to an injunction restraining B from serving a rival house as clerk. 
(e) A contracts with B that, in consideration of Rs.l,000 to be paid to him by B on 
a day fixed, he will not set up a certain business within a specified distance. B 
fails to pay the money. A cannot be restrained from carrying on the business 
within the specified distance. 
SCHEDULE.___ [Enactments Repealed] Rep. by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1891 (X II of 
1891).